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What is Culture?
the total knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors shared and passed on by the members of a group
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What is a society?
group that shares a geographic region, sense of identity and culture
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Ethnic Group
group that shares language, customs, and common heritage
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How do societies form?
- individual-one person
- Family-made up of individuals
- Clan-made up of families
- tribe-made up of clans
- tribes grow until they become a society
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basic human needs
- food
- water
- oxygenShelter and clothing(not actual needs)
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invention
creating something new
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innovation
taking something already made and making it better
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Diffusion
the spreading of goods, ideas, inventions, or patterns of behavior
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Cultural hearth
site of innovation in which ideas, materials, and technology diffuse to many cultures
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Acculturation
when a society changes because it accepts or adopts an innovation
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language
- allows people within a community to communicate
- --one of the most important aspects of a culture
- --helps establish cultural identity
- --can also divide people
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language families
- 3,000-6500 languages exist and they are grouped based on similarities
- --english, russian, hindi, and greek all came from indo european faminy
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Dialects
different versions of a language, written the same
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Language Diffusion
languages can be diffused by trade routes, having multiple languages in the same area, and migration
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Religion
A belief system that consists of supernatural powers and a creator and maintainer of the universe
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3 types of religion
- monotheistic-1god
- polytheistic-multiple gods
- animistic-tribal beliefs in supernatural forces
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missionary/nonmissionary religion
- missionary-people can be converted
- nonmissionary-born into the religion
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birthrate
live births per thousand.
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fertility rate
avg children a woman has in her lifetime. need 2.1 to support pop, current is3.0
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mortality(death) rate
infant mortality rate
- deaths per thousand people
- deaths per thousand live births under 1 year
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Migration
large scale movement of people from one place to another
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push factor
pull factor
- pushes people away from a location
- Pulls people towards a location
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population density
how many people per given area
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Carrying capacity
the number of organisms the land can support
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megalopolis
when several cities grow together
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City locations
- easy access to transportation
- natural resources
- specialize in certain economic activities
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Land use patterns
- residential-single family and apartments
- industrial-manufacturing
- commercial- selling goods
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State
independent unit that occupies a specific territory and has full control over its internal and external affairs(country)
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Nation
group of people with similar culture occupying a territory
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nation-state
- when a nation and state occupy the same territory
- stateless nation-when a nation is without a territory
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democracy
- direct democracy-decisions are made by people directly
- representative democracy(indirect)people elect representatives, may keep monarch as figurehead
- democratic republic-republic with a democracy
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monarch
- absolute:complete control
- limited:(constitutional)monarch is limited by a constitution
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Totalitarianism
all aspects of the life of people, extreme authoriratian
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Authoritarian regeme
only gov't is ruled by leader
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aristocracy
ruled by upper class
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oligarchy
all power in a few people
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dictatorship
gov't has absolute power
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communism
everybody is equal
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Anarchy
- no gov't
- any gov't is beter than no gov't
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characteristics of states
- size
- shape(compact/fragmented)
- location (landlocked/not)
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national boundaries
- natural-rivers can migrate
- artificial- countries may claim more than agreed on.
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regional political system
regions are broken up(cities) to make governing more efficient
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economy
production and exchange of goods and services
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economic systems
- traditional-trade and barter system
- Command-gov't decides
- market-supply and demand
- mixed-command and mixed
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monopoly/duopoly/oligopoly(cartel)
only a few companies have a monopoly on a buisness
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primary activities
secondary activities
tertiary activities
quaternary activities
- raw materials
- manufactured goods
- services
- information management&highly trained services
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natural resources
materials on the earth that someone is willing to pay for
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renewable
nonrenewable
inexhaustable
- replaced in 1-2 lifetimes(trees)
- not replaced once removed from ground(oil)
- never run out(wind, sun, tides)
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economic support systems
- infrastructure-basic support system of an economy(power, transportation, sanitation, etc)
- transportation-one of the most important things to infrastructure
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measuring economic development
per capita income avg yearly income of a person
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GDP
Gross domestic product-money made on goods and services in us
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GNP
Gross National Product- amount of money made from goods and services
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PPP
purchasing power parity-takes into account cost of living and income
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