Patho Unit 1

• decrease in cell size
• require less oxygen
• related to workload

• mass maintained by insulin-like growth factor-1
• reduced synthetic processes
• increased proteolysis by ubiquitin-proteasome system
• apoptosis

• disuse
• denervation
• loss of endocrine stimulation
• inadequate nutrition
• ischemia

• increase in cell size from increased workload
• physiologic- exercise
• pathologic-disease (adaptive or compensatory)

• ATP depletion
• mechanical-stretching of muscle fibers
• activation of cell degradation products
• hormones

• increase in # of cells in cells capable of mitosis
• activation in genes controlling cell proliferation

• hormone-breast & uterine elargement
• compensatory- regeneration of liver
• connective tissue- wound healing with proliferating fibroblasts & blood vessels

excessive growth hormone stimulation- endometrial hyperplasia, benign prostatic hyperplasia

• reversible where one adult cell type is replaced by another
• response to chronic irritation
• conversion cell type never oversteps boundries of primary type
• change of ciliated columnar cells to stratified epithelium in trachea of smokers

• deranged cell growth of specific tissue
• precursor of cancer

• build-up of substances that cells cannot immedeiately use or eliminate
• cell produced
• exogenous materials

• normal body substances: lipids, proteins, carbohydates, melanin, bili
• abnormal endogenous : inborn error of metabolism
• exogenous: environmental, & pigments (tatoo, icterus)

• deposit of calcium salts in injured tissue
• derived from bodies of dead cells

• occurs in normal tissues
• results of increased serum calcification
• hyperparathyroidism, mobilization of calcium from bone, bone cancer, vit D intoxication