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Sodium
(foods)
Bacon, butter, canned food, American/cottage cheese, Frankfurters, ketchup, lunch meat, milk, mustard, processed/snack food, soy sauce, table salt, white/whole wheat bread
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Potassium
(foods)
Avocado, bananas, cantaloupe, carrots, fish, mushrooms, oranges, potatoes, pork, beef, veal, raisins, spinach, strawberries, tomatoes
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Bicarbonate (venous)
22-29 mEq/L
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Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
(description, what does it monitor?)
- Determines how well the coagulation sequence is functioning by measuing the amount of time it takes in seconds for recalcified citrated plasma to clot after partial thromboplastin is added.
- Monitors heparin therapy and screens for coagulation disorders.
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aPTT
(value, nursing considerations)
- 20-36 seconds
- - If patient is receiving heparin therapy draw sample 1 hr before dose is to be given.
- - aPTT should be 1.5-2.5x normal when patient is receiving heparin therapy.
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Prothombin time (PT)
(description, value)
- - Vitamin K dependent - green leafy vegetables.
- - Meaures the amount of time it takes in seconds for clot formation.
- Male - 9.6-11.8 seconds
- Female 9.5-11.3 seconds
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International Normalized Ration (INR)
(description, value)
- - INR measures the effect of oral anticoagulants.
- 2.0-3.0 standard warfarin therapy
- 3.0-4.5 high-dose warfarin therapy
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Clotting time
(description, value)
- - Time required for the interaction of all factors involved in the clotting proecess.
- - 8-15 minutes
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Platelet count
150,000-400,000 cells/mm3
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Platelet count
(produced where?, what alters it?)
- - Bone marrow
- - High altitudes, chronic cold weather, exercise increase platelet count
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Albumin
(description, value, Increased ___, Decreased ___)
- - Main plasma portein found in blood.
- - 3.4-5 g/dL
- - Increased value = dehydration, diarrhea, metastatic carcinoma
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Alkaline phosphatase
(description, value)
- - Enzyme normally found in bone, liver, intestine, and placenta.
- - 4.5-13 King-Armstrong units/dL
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Alkaline phosphatase
(nursing considerations)
- - Fast 12 hrs before test.
- - Hepatotoxic medications within 12 hrs = false high
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Ammonia
(description, value)
- - Byproduct of protein catabolism; most of it is created by bacteria acting on proteins present in the gut.
- - 35-65 mg/dL
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Ammonia
(nursing considerations)
- - Fast and no smoking 8-10 hrs before test
- - Place specimen on ice
- - Hepatic dysfunction > encephalopathy
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Amylase
(description, value)
- - Aids in digestion of complex carbs and is excreted by kidneys.
- - 25-151 units/L
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Lipase
(description, value)
- - Pancreatic enzyme that converts fats and triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.
- - 10-140 units/L
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Bilirubin
(description, value)
- - Produced by the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.
- <1.5 mg/dL
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Lipids
(4 levels)
- Cholesterol 140-199 mg/dL
- LDL <130 mg/dL
- HDL 30-70 mg/dL
- Triglycerides <200 mg/dL
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Protein
(description, value, Increase ___, Decrease ___)
- - Reflects total amount of albumin and globulins in plasma.
- - 6-8 g/dL
- - Increase = Addison's autoimmune collagen disorders, chronic infection, crohn's
- - Decrease = burns, cirrhosis, edema
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Uric Acid
- Male - 4.5-8 mg/dL
- Female - 2.5-6.2 mg/dL
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Fasting glucose
8-12 hrs fast, 70-110 mg/dL
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Serum creatinine
(description, value)
- - Specific indicator of renal function.
- - 0.6-1.3 mg/dL
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Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
- Urea is normally filtered through the renal glomeruli; increased levels = slowed GFR.
- - 8-25 mg/dL
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Calcium
(functions, value)
- - Bone formation, nerve impulse transmission, and contraction of myocardial and skeletal muscles
- - 8.6-10 mg/dL
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Calcium
(foods)
Cheese, collard greens, milk, rhubarb, sardines, spinach, tofu, yogurt.
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Magnesium
(functions, value)
- - Blood-clotting mechanism, regulates neuromuscular activity.
- - 1.6-2.6 mg/dL
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Magnesium
(foods)
Avocado, white canned tuna, cauliflower, green leafy vegetables, milk, oatmeal, peanut butter, peas, chicken, potatoes, raisins, yogurt.
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Phosphorus
(functions, value)
- Bone formation, energy storage and release, urinary acid-base buffering..
- - 2.7 - 4.5 mg/dL
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Phosphorus
(foods)
Fish, organ meats, nuts, beef, pork, chicken, whole grain breads/cereals
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TSH, T4, T3
- TSH - 0.2-5.4 microunits/mL
- T4 - 5-12 mcg/dL
- T3 - 80-230 mg/dL
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WBC Count
4.5-11 thousand cells/mm3
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CD4+ T-Cell
500-1600 cells/L
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Erythrocyte rate
(description, value)
- Rate at which erythrocytes settle out of anticoagulated blood in 1 hour
- - 0-30 mm/hr
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Hemoglobin
(description, value)
- - Main component of erythrocytes and is the vehicle for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- - Male - 14-18 gm/dL
- - Female 12-16 gm/dL
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Hematocrit (Hct)
(description, value)
- - Proportion by volume of the blood that consists of RBCs.
- - Male - 42-54%
- - Female - 38-46%
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Serum iron
(description, value)
- - Carriers of oxygen.
- - Diagnoses anemia, hemolytic disorders.
- - Male - 60-125 mcg/dL
- - Female - 50-120 mcg/dL
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RBC
- Male - 4.5-6.2 million cells/microliter
- Female - 4-5.5 million cells/microliter
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Creatine Kinase (CK)
(description, beginning of rise, peak, return to normal)
- - Enzyme found in muscle and brain tissue that reflects tissue catabolism resulting from cell trauma.
- - Damage occurs, beginning of rise at 6 hrs, peak at 18 hrs, return to normal 2-3 days later.
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CK
(value and types)
- 26-174 units/L
- CK-MB - cardiac 0-5% of total
- CK-BB - brain 0% of total
- CK-MM - skeletal muscle 95-100% of total
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Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
- When LDH1 > LDH2 = acute MI
- LDH 1 = 18-33%
- LDH 2 = 28-40%
- - Damage occurs, beginning of rise at 24 hrs, peak at 48-72 hrs, return to normal 7-14 days later.
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Troponin
(description, values)
- - Regulatory protein found in striated muscle (skeletal and myocardial)
- - Rise in 3 hrs after MI
- - Troponin 1 <0.6 ng/mL
- - Troponin T >0.1-0.2 ng/mL
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Myoglobin
(description, value)
- - Oxygen binding protein found in striated (cardiac and skeletal) muscle that releases oxyen at very low tensions.
- <90 mcg/L
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Daily Body Fluid Excretion - skin (diffusion, perspiration), lungs, feces, kidneys
400 mL, 100, 350, 150, 1500
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