kati c 6

• -nucleolus
• -chromatin
• -nuclear envelope

• -chrloroplastvacuole
• -cell wall
• -central
• -plasmodesmata

• -nucleus
• -mit chondria and chloroplasts

• -double membrane enclosing the nucleus; seperating its parts from the cytoplasm
• -perforated by pores
• -continues into ER

• DNA that is organized into discreat units that carry the genetic information.
• -chromatin

a complex of proteins and DNA

• -appears as a mass of densely stained granules and fibers adjoining part of the chromatin.
• -ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized from instructions in the DNA
• -proteins imported from the cytoplasm are assembles with rRNA into small and large ribosomal subunits.
• makes ribosomes

• -made of ribosomal RNA and protein
• -carry out protein synthesis
• -free ribosomes- suspended to the cytosol
• -bound ribosomes- attached to the outside of the rough ER and nuclear envelope
• -have a large and small subunit

• -endoplasmic reticulum
• -Golgi Apparatus
• -Lysosomes
• -Vacuoles

• -network of membraneous sacs and tubes
• -active in membrane synthesis as well as other synthetic and metabolic processes

• -diversely metabolic processes
• -synthesis of lipids
• -metabolism of carbohydrates
• -detoxification of drugs and alcohol

• deals with protein modification.
• -separates secretory proteins and proteins produces by ribosomes

• -where products of the ER such as protein are modified and then stored and then sent to other destinations
• -lokes like stack of pancakes or pita bread
• -ci receive; trans ship, cis next to ER
• -if protein is not fully functional will send a transport vessicle through layer and may become modified. when gets through will go to cell

• -digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed
• -made by rough ER and then transfered to the golgi apparatus for furter processing
• -some arrise by budding to the transface of the golgi apparatus

• -contains digestive enzymes
• -

small cell organisms eat smaller ones and small particles tehn digest it using a food vacuole that attaches to a lysosome, whose enzymes digest the food

• membrane enclosing the cell
• -functions as a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the entire cell

• the interior of a prokaryotic cell
• -also the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell.

the liquid

• -food vacuoles
• -contactile vacuoles
• -central vacuole

• -formed by phagocytosis
• -container for food

• pump excess water out of the cell
• (paramesium)

• -prominent organelle in older plant cells
• -functions include breakdown of waste products, hydrolysis of molecules
• -enlargement of vacuole is a major mechanism of plant growth
• -derived from ER and Golgi apparatus

• -selective in transporting solute and makes cell sap, different in composition from cytosol
• -membrane bound vesicles

• -organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated
• -how we break down food for energy
• -contains own DNA
• -kidney bean with squiggly lines in it

• -green eggs with circle stacks connected o eachother
• -photosynthetic organelle
• -converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules

• -organelle with various specialized metabolic functions
• -produces hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct then converts it to water
• -deactivates or modify compound

• -microfilameles
• -microtubules
• -intermediate filaments

• -reinforces cell shape
• -functions in cell movement
• -components are made of protein

• -thickest of 3 in cyrtoskeleton
• -hollow rods
• -made of actin
• -shape and support the cell
• -like little balls in a string
• -has a positive side
• -grow by adding tubuin dimers and can be disassembled
• -tubulin can be used to build microtubulin elsewhere

• -fibers with diameter ina middle range
• -made of keratin

• thinnest of 3
• -made of tubulin

• -region where the cell's microtubules are initiated
• -contains a pair of centrioles
• (looks like straw starts that are 90 degress to eachother)
• -microtubules funtion as a compression-resisting girder of the cytoskeleton
• -centrioleles contained of 9 sets of triple microtubles arranged in a ring

• in eukaryotes
• -microtubule containing extensions that project from some cells

• -loco motion organelle present in some animal cells
• -composed of a cluster of microtubules withtin an extension of the plasma membrane
• -have 9 microtubules

• -outer layer that maintains cell shape and protects cell from mechanical damage
• -made from cellulose, other polysaccharides and protein
• -water retention (water doesnt escape)

• -tight junctions
• -desmosomes
• -gap junctions

• -the plasma membranes of neighboring cells are tightly pressed together and bound by protein
• -prevent leakage of extracellular fluids across a layer of epitheliel cells
• -example-skin cells prevent leakage in sweat glands

• -fastens cells togeter into strong sheets
• -not as strong as tight junctions
• -like staple

• -provides channels (tunnels) that go back and forth betwen cells
• -only small molecules can pass