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Homeostasis
Maintaining constant internal conditions in body
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Biological Control System
- Mechanism for sensing, interpreting, & correcting a drift away from homeostasis; includes:
- Receptor
- Integrative Center
- Effector
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Negative Feedback
When body senses chg from homeostasis & triggers a response that returns the variable to the set range; (chg is in opposite direction)
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Diff b/w set pt & where u actually are
Error signal
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Fluid surrounding cell
Interstitial Fluid
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Flow upward due to surface tension & adhesion
Capillary action
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Sucrose =
Glucose + Fructose
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Lactose =
Galactose + Glucose
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Four types of lipids
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Eicosanoids
- Steroids
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Phospholipid makeup
Lipid group (2 FA) + glycerol backbone + phosphate head group
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Pro-inflammatory FA chain that has signaling role
Eicosanoids
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Amino acid makeup
Central carbon + amino group + carboxyl group (COOH) + residual group (R group)
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Primary structure of protein
the order of AA, like straight sentence
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Secondary structure of protein
if can pick up H+ or not; how AAs are attached to eachother by H bonds
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Quarternary structure of protein
how diff subunits interact as a whole unit
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Nucleotide makeup
Monosaccaride (5C) + phosphate group + "base"
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2 ring bases
Purines: Adenine & Guanine
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1 ring bases
Pyrimidines: Cytosine & Thymine & Uracil
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Law of Complementary Base Pairing
# Purines = # Pyrimidines
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Integral proteins
Physically in the membrane (a part of it)
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Transmembrane protein
A part of membrane, & goes from one side to the other; forms channels which allow water or particles to pass
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Peripheral proteins
outside of membrane, usually signaling
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Glycoproteins
Labeled w/sugar trees which allow cells to recognize eachother, also involved in signaling
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Site of protein synthesis
endoplasmic reticulum
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Organelle that packages molecs
Golgi apparatus
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Organelle containes oxidative enzymes
Peroxisome
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Makeup of chromatin
DNA + histones
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Proteins that DNA is wound around to compact it
Histones
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DNA --> mRNA
Transcription
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mRNA --> protein
Translation
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Strand that is copied (sense or anti-sense)
Sense
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DNA replication via (enzyme)
DNA polymerase
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Transcription via (enzyme)
RNA polymerase
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Where ribosomes are found
Bound to endoplasmic reticulum or free
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Enzyme which binds P group to a molec
Kinase
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Enzyme which removes P group from molec & deactivates it
Phosphatase
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