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Spirochetes are Gram?
Negative
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Spirochetes motility method?
Axial Filament
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How do you view a spirochete?
Flourescent stain and view in a Dark Field microscope
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Treponema pallidum causes?
Syphilis
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Treponema pallidum is a?
Spirochete
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Borrelia recurrentis causes?
Relapsing fever
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Borrelia recurrentis is a?
Spirochete
-
Leptospira sp. causes?
Leptospirosis
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Leptospira sp. are?
Spirochetes
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Borrelia bergdorferi causes?
Lyme disease
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Borrelia bergdorferi is a?
Spirochete
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How do helical/vibrioid G- bacteria feel about O2?
They are aerobic or microaerophilic (like slightly lower concentrations than in air)
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Camphylobacter fetus is what kind of bacterium?
Helical (spiral) G-
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Camphylobacter fetus causes?
Domestic animal abortions
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Bdellovibrio sp. are what kind of bacteria?
Vibrioid G-
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Bdellovibrio sp. causes?
Kills other bacteria
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Legionella pneumophilia is what kind of bacterium?
G- aerobic rod
-
Legionella pneumophilia causes?
Legionnaire's disease
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa is what kind of bacterium?
G- aerobic rod
-
Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes?
Opportunistic infections, usually nosocomial or ear infections
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces what unique symptom?
Bluish pus from production of pyocyanin pigment
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Bordetella pertussis is what kind of bacterium?
G- aerobic rod
-
Bordetella pertussis causes?
Pertussis (whooping cough)
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Brucella sp. are what kind of bacteria?
G- aerobic coccobacilli (and they are obligate mammalian parasites)
-
Brucella sp. cause?
Brucellosis (undulant fever) acquired from unpasteurized milk
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What is one reason Brucella sp. are medically important?
Ability to survive phagocytosis
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae is what kind of bacterium?
G- aerobic diplococcus
-
Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes?
Gonorrhoea (STD)
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Falcultatively anaerobic G- rods generally live where?
The GI tract
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Enterobacteriaceae sp. are all closely related and, therefore, are distinguished by?
Metabolic activity
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Escherichia coli is what kind of bacterium?
Facultatively anaerobic G- rod (but this rod is so short it almost looks like a coccus in microscopy)
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Escherichia coli causes?
Most strains are non-pathogenic, but some produce enterotoxins that cause Traveller's diarrhea (Montezuma's revenge).
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Escherichia coli is used how?
Most commonly studied microbe in the lab (especially in genetic studies) and its presence in drinking water indicates sewage contamination.
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What strain of E. coli is most worrisome?
E. coli O157:H7
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Salmonella typhi is what kind of bacterium?
Falcultatively anaerobic G- rod
-
Salmonella typhi causes?
Typhoid fever
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Shigella sonnei is what kind of bacterium?
Falcultatively anaerobic G- rod
-
Shigella sonnei causes?
Shigellosis (aka: bacillary dysentery)
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Serratia marcescens is what kind of bacterium?
Facultatively anaerobic G- rod
-
Serratia marcescens causes?
RTI's and UTI's (it tends to be found on catheters and supposedly sterile irrigation solutions)
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Proteus spp. are what kind of bacteria?
Facultatively anaeobic G- rods
-
Proteus spp. cause?
Wound, burn, and urinary infections
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Enterobacter spp. are what kind of bacteria?
Facultatively anaerobic G- rods
-
Enterobacter spp. cause?
Wound and burn infections
-
Klebsiella pneumoniae is what kind of bacterium?
Facultatively anaerobic G- rod
-
Klebsiella pneumoniae causes?
Pneumonia
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Vibrio cholera is what kind of baterium?
Facultatively anaerobic G- slightly-curved rod
-
Vibrio cholera causes?
Asiatic cholera
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Yersinia pestis is what kind of bacterium?
Facultatively anaerobic G- rods
-
Yersinia pestis causes?
Two forms of plague:
- 1. Bubonic (affecting lymph nodes)
- 2. Pneumonic (affecting lungs and bloodstream)
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Rickettsias and chlamydias are Gram?
G-
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Rickettsias and chlamydias are what kind of parasites?
Obligate intracellular parasites
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What is the major difference between rickettsias and chlamydias?
Rickettsias are transmitted via arthropods
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Rickettsia prowanzekii causes?
Epidemic typhus
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What is the vector for Rickettsia prowanzekii?
Ticks or lice
-
Rickettsia rickettsii causes?
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
-
What is the vector for Rickettsia rickettsii?
Ticks
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Coxiella burnetti is what kind of bacterium?
Rickettsia (it has actually been reclassified, but it acts a lot like a rickettsia)
-
Coxiella burnetti causes?
Q fever (respiratory illness)
-
Most common vector for Coxiella burnetti?
Aerosol inhalation or contaminated milk
-
Why is Coxiella burnetti technically not a rickettsia?
It has no arthropod vector (although it has an arthropod carrier)
-
Coxiella burnetti is Gram?
G-
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Chlamydia trachomatis is Gram?
G-
-
Chlamydia trachomatis causes?
Non-gonococcal urethritis (STD)
-
Name the stages in the life cycle of Chlamydia trachomatis.
Reticulate body and Elementary body
-
What is the vegetative form of Chlamydia trachomatis?
The reticulate body
-
What is the infectious form of Chlamydia trachomatis?
The elementary body
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What is the unique characteristic of mycoplasmas?
They have no cell wall and are, therefore, pleomorphic (many shapes)
-
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is Gram?
The Gram stain is not valid (mycoplasmas have no cell wall)
-
Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes?
PAP or Primary Atypical Pneumonia (Walking pneumonia)
-
Where are some places G+ cocci are normally found?
Soil, skin, mucous membranes, and skin glands
-
Staphylococcus aureus is what kind of bacterium?
G+ mass of spheres
-
Staphylococcus aureus causes?
Toxic Shock Syndrome
-
When grown on blood agar, what color is Staphylococcus aureus?
Pale yellow / gold
-
Staphylococcus epidermidis is what kind of bacterium?
G+ mass of spheres
-
Staphylococcus epidermidis causes?
S. epi is normal skin flora but may cause localized infection if it gets somewhere it shouldn't be (opportunistic pathogen)
-
Streptococcus pneumoniae is what kind of bacterium?
G+ chain of spheres (usually diploid)
-
Streptococcus pyogenes is what kind of bacterium?
G+ chain of spheres
-
Streptococcus pyogenes causes?
Peripheral fever, strep throat, rheumatic fever, and scarlet fever
-
Pathogenic streps can produce what?
Hemolysins
-
What is a hemolysin?
Enzyme that breaks down RBC's
-
What types of hemolysins are there?
Alpha (partial breakdown of the RBC's) and Beta (total breakdown of the RBC's)
-
What effect do hemolysins produce on blood agar?
Alpha hemolysins produce a greenish-tan color and Beta hemolysins turn the agar colorless.
-
The Micrococcus spp. are what kind of bacteria?
G+ spheres
-
The Micrococcus spp. cause?
Nothing, they are usually nonpathogenic.
-
The Micrococcus spp. are known to produce what?
Pigments (red, yellow, and orange)
-
As a general rule of thumb, endospore formers belong to which genera?
Bacillus and Clostridium
-
Endospore formers are generally what kind of bacteria?
G+ bacilli and cocci
-
Bacillus anthracis is what kind of bacteria?
Facultatively anaerobic G+ rod
-
Bacillus anthracis causes?
Anthrax
-
Bacillus thuringensis is what kind of bacterium?
G+ rod
-
What does Bacillus thuringensis do that is useful?
Produces crystalline insecticides
-
Clostridium tetani is what kind of bacterium?
G+ obligate anaerobic rod
-
Clostridium tetani causes?
Tetanus (via an endotoxin)
-
Clostridium perfringens is what kind of bacterium?
G+ obligate anaerobic rod
-
Clostridium perfringens causes?
Gas gangrene (can also be a cause of foodborne diarrhea)
-
Clostridium botulinum is what kind of bacterium?
G+ obligate anaerobic rod
-
Clostridium botulinum causes?
Botulism (via an exotoxin)
-
The Mycobacterium spp. are what kind of bacteria?
G+ aerobes
-
What do Mycobacterium spp. resemble?
Fungal growth
-
What makes the Mycobacterium spp. stain acid-fast?
Mycolic acid (lipid) in the cell wall
-
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes?
Tuberculosis
-
Mycobacterium leprae causes?
Leprosy
-
What are the nocardioforms?
Aerobic, acid-fast bacteria that cause a disease similar to TB
-
What are the Archaeobacteria?
Extremophiles that live in harsh environments (most primitive forms of bacteria)
-
Actinomycetes are what kind of organism?
Fungi
-
How are Actinomycetes classified / organized in taxonomy?
5 groups based upon location of spores and arrangement of the mycelium
-
Where are Actinomycetes normally found?
Soil
-
How do Actinomycetes reproduce?
Conidiospores (asexual spore), mostly
-
Frankia sp. and Rhizobium spp. are what kind of organisms?
Actinomycetes
-
Frankia sp. and Rhizobium spp. are found where?
Plant roots
-
Frankia sp. and Rhizobium spp. do what?
Fix nitrogen for plant roots
-
Streptomycetes spp. are what kind of organism?
Actinomycetes
-
Streptomycetes spp. do what?
Produce most commercial antibiotics
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