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Anterograde amnesia
Loss of memories for events that occur after a head injury.
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Attention
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events.
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Chunking
A group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit.
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Conceptual hierarchy
A multilevel classication system based on common properties among items.
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Encoding
Forming a memory code
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Storage
Maintaining encoded information in memory over time.
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Retrieving
Recovering information from memory stores.
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Levels of processing theory
The theory holding that deeper levels of mental processing result in longer-lasting memory codes.
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Elaboration
Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding.
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Dual coding theory
Paivio's theory that memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall.
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Self referent encoding
Deciding how or whether information is personally relevant.
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Sensory Memory
The preservation of information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second.- No attention required
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Iconic Memory
Visual memories- Part of sensory memory
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Echoic Memory
Auditory memory- lasts(4-5 seconds) a little longer than iconic memory(about one second).
Part of sensory memory
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Short term memory(STM)
A limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for about 20 to 30 seconds.- Requires attention
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Rehearsal
The process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information-- (phone number in head, name of person you barely know)
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Longterm memory (LTM)
An unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time.
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Flashbulb Memories
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events-- (September 11, 2001) Not any more accurate than other memories
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Visuospatial sketchpad
Permits people to temporarily hold and manipulate visual images-- found in working memory.
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Phonological Loop
At work when you use recitation to temporarily hold on to a phone number- found in working/short term memory
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Central executive system
(Not a storage system) Controls the deployment of attention, switching the focus of attention and dividing attention.- Found in short term/working memory
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Episodic Buffer
A temporary, limited capacity store that allows the various components of working memory to integrate information
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Phonemic encoding
Based on sound- involved with short term/ working memory
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Schema
An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event -- Kind of like stereotyping
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Semantic Network
Consists of nodes representing concepts joined together by pathways that link related concepts.. (Thinking about one word can lead to thinking about another word, and another... Bread and butter
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Spreading activation
Thinking about one word leads to thinking about another
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Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models
Models of memory that assume cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks... (certain smell triggers memories of when you were younger-- grandma's cookies n' shit like that)
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Tip of the tongue phenomenon
The temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it's just out of reach.
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Retrieval cues
Stimuli that help gain access to memories.
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Context cues
Trying to recall an event by putting yourself back in the context in which it occurred.
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Misinformation effect
Occurs when participants recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post-event information-- (How fast was the car going when he hit that mofo COMPARED TO Smashed into that mofo)
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Source monitoring
Making attributions about the origins of memories.
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Source monitoring error
Occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source.
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Reality monitoring
the process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources (ones perceptions of actual event) or internal sources (ones thoughts and imaginations)
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Forgetting curve
Graphs retention and forgetting overtime
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Retention
Refers to the proportion of material retained.
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Recall
Measure of retention Requires subjects to reproduce information on their own without any cues
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Recognition
Measure of retention Requires subjects to select previously learned information from an array of options.
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Relearning
Measure of retention Requires a subject to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or how many practice trials are saved by having learned before.
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Decay theory
Forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time.
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Interference theory
People forget information because of competition from other material.
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Retroactive interference
Occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information.
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Proactive interference
Occurs when previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information.
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Retrograde Amnesia
Involves the loss of memories for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia.
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Consolidation
A hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long term memory.
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Declarative memory system
Handles factual information (words, names, dates, faces, events and shit like that)
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Non declarative memory system
Houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses and emotional responses. (riding a bike, typing, tying shoes)
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Episodic memory system
Made up of chronological recollections of personal experiences.
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Semantic memory system
Contains general information knowledge that is not tied to the time the information was learned (christmas is on December 25, dogs have four legs, shit like that)
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Prospective memory
Remembering to perform actions in the future --- (walk the dog, feed the cat, shit like that)
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Retrospective memory
Remembering events from the past, or previously learned information.
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Primacy effect
You tend to remember the first few things of a sequence
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Recency effect
Tend to remember the last thing you learned
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Hindsight Bias
Tendency to mold ones interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out
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Conformation Bias
Only searching for evidence that confirms ones beliefs
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Decision making
many decisions(or answers)
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Problem solving
one answer
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mental set
returning to problem solving strat. that worked in the past
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Formal logic
If P, then Q
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Heuristics
shortcut to answer- no guaranteed solution but quick and easy
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Availability heuristic
Overestimate vivid things, under estimate non vivid things
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Representative heuristics
Stereotype--- likelihood of event based on how typical it seems
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Semanticity
Property of language that describe the separate units and how these units have meaning
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Displacement
Property of language that allows communication that are not here and not now-- past and future events and shit
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Phoneme
sounds of spoken language
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morpheme
smallest meaningful unit of language
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Syntax
Rules of grammar that govern how words can be combined into sentences
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