Bio1913: Unit One Exam

Spots on a bacteria lawn or cell culture where a virus has phagocitized (killed) bacteria

Viruses which infect bacteria

Surrounds the capsid

Host origin

Not present in all viruses

Special proteins in the capsid

Protein unit of a virus

Protein coat of a virus

• Like bacteria, viruses do not:
• - have a plasma membrane
• - replicate thru binary fission
• - Possess both DNA & RNA (only one or the other)
• - Do not have an ATP-generating metabolism
• - Do not have Ribosomes
• - Are not sensative to antibiotics

• Unlike Bacteria, viruses do:
• - Act as intracellular parasites
• - Pass through bacterial filters
• - Are sensative to interferon

Resultion is dependant on wavelength

The short the wavelength, the more energy the light contains

Visable light has a wavelength between 400 (violet - most energetic) and 600 (red)

Priciple which states that as magnification increases, the depth of field decreases

Total Magnification = Magnification of eyepiece + Magnification of Objective

• Ex: 10x eyepiece + 40x objective = 400x total
• 15x eyepiece + 40x objective = 600x total

• - Not living
• - Protein Coat
• - Only one nucleic acid (RNA or DNA - not both)
• - Obligate Intracellular Parasite: cannot replicate without infecting a host

The ability to distinguish one point from another

Eukaryotic Mitochondria (synthesize ATP) and Chloroplasts (synthesize sugar/starch) may have originated from archaic prokarytes.

3D image of surface structures

• Mag - 100,000x
• Res - 10nm

• Bacteria:
• - No envelope
• - 1 Chromosome
• - Replicates through binary fission

• Typical Cell:
• - Envelope
• - Many Chromosomes
• - Replicates through mitosis

3D Image of live specimen

• Mag - 2000x
• Res - 0.2u

Diagnostic Tool

• Mag - 2000x
• Res - 0.2u

Ultrastructure Studies

• Mag - 2000x
• Res - 0.2u

The return of dormant spores to a vegetative state

The formation of endospores

Occurs when bacteria has run out of nutrients

Best Resolution & Magnification

• Mag - 1,000,000x
• Res - 0.5nm

• - Thinner outer membrane
• - LPS (lipopolysaccharide/endotoxin) layer
• - More lipids
• - Less peptide cross linking
• - Periplasm (space between OM & CW)
• - OM contains porins (transmembrane protiens)

Shows Internal Details

• Mag - 2000x
• Res - 0.2u

• - Thick
• - Contains techoic acid
• - More peptide cross linking

Best for live specimens

• Mag - 2000x
• Res - 0.2u

Means of survival for prokaryotes, not reproduction

Property of some bacteria which increase resistance against phagocytosis by leukocytes

Most Common

• Mag - 2000x
• Res - 0.2u

• - decompose organic waste
• - produce industrial chemicals (Acetone, ethyl Alcohol)
• - produce fermented foods (vinegar, cheese, alcohol)
• - produce vitamins and hormones
• - Pharmaceuticals
• - Kill insects/pests
• - Bioremediation (clean up oil spills)
• - Remove dangerous radioactive elements

Extrachromosomal DNA of a bacterial cell

Property of some bacterial cells which allow attachment of receptos to a host

Emerging Infectious Diseases

Ex: Bird Flu, West Nile, AIDS/HIV, Mad Cow

70S as opposed to 80S in eukaryotes (refers to density)

Suseptable to antibiotics

Study of the immune system in humans and animals

Property of some bacterial cells which transfers DNA from one cell to another

Sex Pilus: allows 2 bacteria to conjugate (leads to "super bugs")

Study of parasites

Study of Fungi

Property of some bacterial cells which allows motility.

Can be either internal or external

Is attached to a protein hook and anchored to the wall & membrane by the basal body

Wraps around the cell under the outer membrane in the pariplasmic space

Property of all bacteria which has no membrane and onlly a single chromosome

Study of Bacteria

Study of Viruses

• Bacteriology
• Immunology
• Mycology
• Virology
• Parisitology

He and his team developed methods for gene cloning and making recombinant DNA

• NAM
• NAG
• Peptide Cross Links

Property of bacterial cell which is the source of energy or nutrition in the cytoplasm (metabolism)

Property of bacterial cell where functions of growth, metabolism and replication are carried out

• -AKA Cell Membrane
• - Phospholipid Bilayer
• - Active transport of nutrients

• Coccus: Round
• bacillus: Rod
• Vibrio: Curved
• Spirillum: Corkscrew
• Spirochete: Long Corkscrew

• 1. Apply crystal violet (purple dye)
• 2. Apply Iodine (mordant)
• 3. Alcohol Wash (decolorization)
• 4. Apply safranin (counterstain)

Deciphered the structure of antibody molecules

Deciphered stucture of DNA w/ an X-ray

Discovered the process of transformation in bacteria where genes can be transfered from deal bacteria to live bacteria.

Explained how bacteria acquire pathogenic traits

Died in his lab during London bombing

Discovered PCN

• Acidic Dyes: chromophore is an anion or eosin
• Basic Dyes: chromophore is a cation

Used on cells which retain a basic stain in the prescence of acid-alcohol

Passed immunity from one animal to another using serum from infected survivors

Proposed humoral theory of immunity

Dev. the treatment of syphillis

Special stain which uses negative staining

Special stain which requires heat to drive the stain into the endospores

Special stain which requires a mordant to make flagella wide enough to see

Bent light as a result of light moving from one medium to another

Ex: moving from air to water or from glass to oil (microscopes)

Discovered phagocytosis

Discovered 1st bacterial toxin from Diptheria bacillus and developed an anti-toxin

1st nobel prize in medicine (1901)

Proved germs cause disease

Studied TB and cholera

Developed Koch's Postulate

Refined Pure Culture Techniques

Pure cultures obtained from diseased organisms which are introduced to healty organisms cause diease. Pure culture from newly infected (diseased) organism is identical to original culture

Developed techniques for aseptic surgery

Grew 1st pure culture of S. lactisi

Disproved theory of spontaneous generation using a swan neck flask

Made vaccines against anthrax and rabies

"Father of Microbiology"

In England, developed and used 1st vaccine in history - smallpox

First to observe mircobes with elementary microscope

Thought to have better than 20/20 vision

Using a simple microscope he observed cork and called the small structures cells.

Designed iris lens used in cameras