PGS 101 REVIEW

-Roots of psychology come from borrowed theories of philosophy and physiology
-As role of brain is recognized in mental processes and behavior (hard to replicate)
-Wilhelm Wundt, Founder
of scientific psychology + Edward Titchener (student of Wundt)
-Focused on identifying “building blocks of consciousness”
-Introspection
(their main tool): Looking within
-Not objectively verifiable
-Limited access (excludes unconscious mind)

-(apply to mental characteristics; focus=social issues)

-William James
-Influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution
-Natural Selection
-Studied how the mind helps individuals to function in their environment
-Animal
observations provide clues for human behavior
-Focused on pragmatic issues

-Still present today
-Consciousness -> perception
-Max Wertheimer
-Focused of consciousness & principles of perceptual organization
-The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

-Sigmund Freud
-Mind has separate components (conscious vs unconscious)
-Much of behavior is influenced by unconscious
-Psychoanalysis: Push & pull interaction between conscious and unconscious forcing abnormal behaviors

-Events at the level of the person
-John Watson & BF Skinner
-Mind cannot be observed
-Behavior can be observed
-Science should study the observable
-Reinforcement

-Studied @ level of person
-Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow (Maslow's hierarchy of needs)
-Client-centric therapy
-Positive Psychology

-Ties to computer age; focuses on brain
-Alan Newell & Herbert Simon
-Focus on mental processes (information processing)
-Computer metaphor
-Cognitive neuroscience

-More global
-Leda Cosmides, John Took, David Bus & Steven Pinker
-Evolutionarily successful cognitive strategies & goals survived
-comparison of human & prenatal abilities

-Psychotherapy
-clinical neuropsychology
-psychological testing

-Every day issues (help people with)
-Career Counseling
-Vocational testing

-Teach Classes
-Conduct Research

Solve problems in practical areas

-NOT psychology at all
-Theories or statements that at first glance look like psychology but in fact are superstition or unsupportable opinion
-EX; ESP or Astrology

-The result of neural responses that occur after physical energy stimulates a receptor cell but before the stimulus is organized and interpreted by the brain
-In vision the receptor cell specifies basic characteristics, such as color.
-In hearing, vibrations or waves stimulate ‘hair’ receptor cells

-The result of neural processes that organize and interpret information conveyed by sensory signals
-In vision, perception separates the object from its background and interprets its place
-In hearing, sounds become meaningful when matched to previously stored memories

-The
development of depth perception
*Visual
cliff simulation

-studies the relation between physical events and the experience of the event
-The concept of ‘thresholds’-The point at
which stimuli activates receptor cells enough to be sensed.

-A constant percentage of a magnitude change is necessary to detect a difference

-The ‘what’ and ‘where’ mechanism in the brain
-“What” Identifying objects by accessing prior information about the object (example-
Apple)
-“Where” how objects are arranged in the scene
-Damage to the brain can interfere with this process

When we experience sensation to organization and identification-we are experiencing _________
processing. (Stimuli or physical energy striking receptor cells and
putting sensation and perception in motion)

When we are guided by Expectation, or knowledge or belief, (imposing what we want onan object, “what we expect to see”) we are experiencing _______ processing

Begins when physical energy strikes the ear, in
pressure or sound waves

Sound waves occur when something vibrates, or when molecules move and create pressure
waves (gas, liquid, or solid)

-How high or low a sound seems
-Higher frequencies or pressures waves produce the experience of higher pitches

-The strength of a sound

-Pressure waves with greater amplitude produce the experience of louder sound

_______ theory holds that higher frequencies produce pressure to sound. This theory cannot
explain the full extent of our ability to hear. Neurons can fire only about a
thousand times a second at most, so it doesn’t explain how people hear sounds
produced by much higher frequencies

According to _____ theory, different frequencies activate different places along the
basilar membrane. This theory appears to be correct, at least for most frequencies. It is possible, however, that the rate of vibration does help us
hear relatively low tones.

When people listen to stimuli presented separately in two different years, even though they’re instructed to listen to only one set of information that has
been given, there is some level of functioning from the other

-Not being aware of other conversations until triggered (Hear your name or a
familiar voice) then becoming immediately aware

-When attending a conversation, we are still registering some information with ‘the
other ear’

-Study by Cherry