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Tract
- bundle of nerve fibers (axons) in the central nervous system
- "white matter of the brain and the spinal cord"
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Nerve
bundle of nerve fibers (axons) in the Peripheral nervous system
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Nucleus
- collection of nerve cell bodies (somas) in the Central Nervous System
- "mostly brain, some spine"
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Ganglion
- bundle of Nerve Cell Bodies (somas) in the Peripheral Nervous System
- Ex) sympathetic trunk ganglion
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Fascicle (two definitions)
- 1) group of axons within a connective tissue sheath within a nerve
- 2) Group of Nerves
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Epineurium
- Thick sheath of connective tissue surrounding an entire nerve
- Connective Tissue enveloping a bundle of fascicles
- outermost covering of a nerve
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Perineurium
connective tissue surrounding over a fascicle
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Endoneurium
- delicate connective tissue covering an individual axon and its neurolemma
- (not visible in lab)
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Pre - Ganglionic
- Neuron whose synaptic terminals enter into a synapse
- "nerve 1"
- aka: pre - synaptic
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Post - Ganglionic
- neuron whose axons are leaving a synapse; neuron whose dendrites are in a synapse
- "nerve 2"
- aka: post - synaptic
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Afferent (with respect to the nervous system)
- (Sensory)
- A nerve fiber (axon) which carries information toward the central nervous system
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Efferent (with respect to the nervous system)
- (Motor)
- A nerve fiber (axon) which carries information away from the central nervous system
- "towards the peripheral nervous system"
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one Peripheral nerve Fiber contains:
- 1) an axon (and its neurolemma, plasmalemma, or axolemma)
- 2) their connective tissue covering, often but not always myelin sheath
- 3) synaptic terminals/ synaptic buttons/ synaptic endings
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Myelin Sheath
really the plasma membrane of the Schwann Cells
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Most Cutaneous Nerves are ?
unmyelinated
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Neurolemma
- Cell membranes of the schwann cells that surround an axon
- (separate one axon from another axon)
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Functions of the Peripheral nervous System
- 1) Conveys neural impulses to the central nervous system from sense organs and sensory receptors
- 2) Conveys neural impulses from the Central Nervous System to muscles and glands
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how many Cranial nerves?
12 Pairs
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how many Spinal Nerves?
- 31 Pairs
- (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal)
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Spinal Nerves
Mixed Nerves
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Cranial Nerves exit thru _________?
foramina in the cranium
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Spinal Nerves exit thru ______________ ?
intervertebral foramina
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The Somatic nervous system provides _______ ?
- Provides: general sensory and motor innervation to all parts of the body
- except for the viscera in the body cavities, smooth muscles, and glands
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Epidural Space
fat - filled space between dura mater and the vertebral column
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Visceral nervous System
- sensory -
- motor -
- Sensory: viscera of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis
- Motor: cadiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
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Somatic Nervous System
-Sensory-
-Motor-
- Sensory: skin, periosteum, joints, skeletal muscle, fascia (transmit sensations from sensory receptors)
- Motor: body wall, extremities, head, neck and skeltal muscle (stimulate skeletal muscle, causing muscle contraction)
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Visceral Nervous System subdivides into ?
- The AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
- 1) Sympathetic Nervous System
- 2) Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Function of Autonomic Nervous System
f: maintain a stable environment by regulating circulation, breathing, digestion, and other internal functions
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Autonomic Nervous System Affects?
involuntarily affects the cardiac muscle, smooth muscle of internal organs, and glands
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Similarites between the Sympathetic Nervous System and the Parasympathetic Nervous System
- 1) they innervate many of the same structures (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic viscera)
- 2) they have two neurons in their pathways, with one cell outside of the central nervous system
- 3) Both use Acetylcholine as the neurontransmitter for the pre - ganglionic neuron (Acetylchoine is used between the pre - ganglionic and the post - ganglionic neurons)
- 4) both regulate the same homeostatic systems (blood pressure, and heart rate) → essentially have the same function...
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origin of the Sypathetic Nervous System
- Thoracolumbar (T1-L2)
- cell bodies originate in the lateral gray horn of the spinal cord
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origin of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Cranial - Sacral
- (Cranial nerves: 3, 7, 9, 10)
- (Sacral nerves: 2, 3, 4)
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where is the post - ganglionic motor neuron located at? (for the Sympathetic nervous system)
A Peripheral Nervous System Ganglion which is far from the target organ
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Length of the Sympathetic Pre - Ganglionic axons (fibers)?
short: b/c the ganglia are close to the spinal cord
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where is the post - ganglionic motor neuron located at? (for the Parasympathetic Nervous System)?
A Peripheral Nervous Ganglion which is IN or very near to the target organ
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Length of the ParaSympathetic pre - ganglionic axons (fibers)?
long: b/c the autonomic ganglia have to travel to reach the organs (which is pretty much where the post - ganglionic neuron is located)
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Sympathetic: Neurotransmitter used at synapse with target organ
Norepinephrine (or epinephrine or noradrenaline)
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Parasympathetic: Neurotransmitter used at synapse with targe organ
Acetylcholine
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Which Autonomic Nervous System(s) innervate the body wall or extemities
- Sympathetic Nervous System DOES
- Parasympathetic Nervous System DOESN'T!!!!
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Gray Matter in the Central Nervous System
nerve cell bodies in the Central Nervous System (nucleus)
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Surrounding and Protecting the Central Nervous System
Meninges and the Cerebrospinal Fluid
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Meninges
pia mater + arachnoid mater + dura mater
Brain & Spinal Cord → Pia Mater → Cerebrospinal Fluid → Arachnoid Mater → Pia Mater
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How many Efferent Pathways does the Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System have?
two
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ParaVertebral Ganglion
- linked together to form the right and left sympathetic trunk on each side of the Vertebral Column
- (many ParaVertebral Ganglion added together = Sympathetic Trunk)
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The Myelinated Preganglionic Nerve fibers leave the gray matter of the spinal cord via the ___________ ?
(Efferent # 1 and #2 for the Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System)
Ventral Root
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Sympathetic Pre - Ganglionic Nerve Fibers leave the gray matter of the spinal cord and enter into a ________ ?
(Efferent # 1 and #2 for the Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System)
Spinal Nerve
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Sympathetic Pre - Ganglionic Fibers leave the spinal cord via the Ventral Root and enter into a spinal nerve, from there they go to a _________?
(Efferent # 1 and #2 for the Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System)
ParaVertebral Ganglion of the Sympathetic Trunk
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(Efferent # 1 and #2 for the Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System)
When the Sympathetic Pre - Ganglionic Fibers enter into the ParaVertebral Ganglion they do this via the _______ ?
White Rami Communicantes
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(Efferent # 1 for the Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System)
Once the Sympathetic Pre - Ganglionic myelinated fibers enter the paravertebral ganglion of the sympathetic trunk they then ____A____ with ____B____
- A) synapse
- B) another neuron in the sympathetic trunk (ganglion)
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(Efferent # 1 for the Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System)
Once the Synapse occurs the Post - ganglionic Fibers are _______ ?
Unmyelinated
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(Efferent # 1 for the Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System)
The unmyelinated post - ganglionic fibers leave the ganglion via ___A_____ and join up with ___B___ ?
- A) Gray rami communicantes
- B) Spinal Nerves
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(Efferent # 1 for the Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System)
The unmyelinated Post - Ganglionic Fibers travel thru spinal nerves to reach _______ ?
- sweat glands,
- arrector pili muscles of the skin,
- smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels
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(Efferent # 2 for the Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System)
Does Synapse Occur?
NO!!!!!!!
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(Efferent # 2 for the Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System)
When the Pre - Ganglionic Fibers leave they spinal nerve what do they become?
- Separate, special nerves
- [greater, lesser, and lowest Splanchnic Nerves]
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How many afferent pathways exist for the Sympathetic Autonmic Nervous System?
One
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(Afferent pathway for the Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System)
starting fibers are ______ ?
Myelinated Axons in the Viscera
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(Afferent pathway for the Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System)
From the viscera where do the myelinated axons go first? second?
- Spinal Nerves: first
- sympathetic ganglion: second
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(Afferent pathway for the Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System)
how do the myelinated axons reach the sympathetic gangion?
via the white rami communicantes
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(Afferent pathway for the Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System)
From the Sympathetic Ganglion where do the myelinated axons go? and how?
they re - enter a spinal nerve via the white rami communicantes
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(Afferent pathway for the Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System)
After the myelinated axons leave the spinal nerve, go to the sympathetic ganglion and back to another spinal nerve, they travel in that spinal nerve until they reach ________ ?
the Dorsal Root Ganglion, or go on to higher Central Nervous System Levels
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(Afferent pathway for the Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System)
if the myelinated axon reaches the Dorsal Root Ganglia, what does it form ______ ?
Forms part of a Reflex Arc
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Effect of the Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System
widespread, over a sustained amount of time
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Pupils: Sympathetic
dilated
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Bronchi: Sympathetic
Dilated
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Heart ♥: Sympathetic
increased heart rate and blood pressure
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Intestines: Sympathetic
Relaxation; close sphincters
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urinary bladder: Sympathetic
- inhibit contraction;
- close sphincter
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Sweat Glands: Sympathetic
Increase Secretion
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Peripheral Blood Vessels: Sympathetic
Constricted
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Neurotransmitters for they Sympathetic Autonomic System
- Pre - Ganglionic = Acetlycholine
- Post - Ganglionic = Norepinephrine
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Pre - Ganglionic Sympathetic Fibers found in:
- 1) Ventral Roots of Spinal Nerves
- 2) White Rami Communicantes
- 3) Peripheral Nerves
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Post - Ganglionic Sympathetic Fibers Found in:
- 1) spinal nerves
- 2) gray rami communicantes
- 3) peripheral nerves
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Sympathetic Fibers that are visible in the cadaver
- 1) Sympathetic Trunk
- (sympathetic Ganglia are the bumps that together make up the sympathetic ganglia)
- 2) Sympathetic Nerves
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Cell Bodies in the ParaSympathetic Autonomic Nervous System originate where?
- in the Brainstem (Nuclei)
- lateral horns of Sacral Cord
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[ParaSympathetic: Efferent]
Pre-Ganglionic Fibers are ______ ?
Myelinated
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[ParaSympathetic: Efferent]
Pre - Ganglionic Fibers leaving the skull are called?
Cranial Nerves
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[ParaSympathetic: Efferent]
Pre - Ganglionic Fibers leaving the Spinal Cord leave via _______ ?
Ventral Root of Spinal Nerve and Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves
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[ParaSympathetic: Efferent]
Myelinated Pre - Ganglionic Synapse in a ________ ?
Peripheral Ganglion near an organ
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[ParaSympathetic: Afferent]
Fibers are _______ ?
Myelinated
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[ParaSympathetic: Afferent]
Fibers originate in the _______ ?
Viscera
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[ParaSympathetic: Afferent]
From the viscera the myelinated fibers travel in ________ or ____________ ?
- Sensory Ganglia of Cranial Nerves (or)
- Dorsal Root Ganglion
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once the fibers enter the Central Nervous System what can they do?
[ParaSympathetic: Afferent]
- 1) form a reflex arc
- 2) travel to higher levels
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[ParaSympathetic: Afferent]
Once the fibers enter the Sensory Ganglia of Cranial Nerves or the Dorsal Root Ganglion, where do they go?
The Central Nervous System (the Brain or Spinal Cord)
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Pre - Ganglionic parasympathetic Fibers are found in:
- 1) cranial nerves
- 2) spinal nerves
- 3) pelvic splanchnic nerves
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Post - Ganglionic Parasympathetic Fibers are found in:
1) Peripheral Nerves near target organ
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Cranial Nerve 10 = ?
- Vagus Nerve (also known as a parasympathetic structure)
- - Parasympathetic Pre - Ganglionic Myelinated Axons
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Parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous System is also known as:
"cholinergic system"
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Effect of the ParaSympathetic Autonomic Nervous System
Small area is affected, over a short amount of time
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Pupil: ParaSympathetic Autonomic Nervous System
Constricted
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Bronchi: ParaSympathetic Autonomic Nervous System
Bronchoconstriction
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Heart: ParaSympathetic Autonomic Nervous System
decrease heart rate and blood pressure
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Intestines: ParaSympathetic Autonomic Nervous System
Contraction, Relax Sphincters
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Urinary Bladder: ParaSympathetic Autonomic Nervous System
- Stimulate Contraction;
- Relax sphincter
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Sweat Glands: ParaSympathetic Autonomic Nervous System
Decrease Secretion
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Peripheral Blood Vessels: ParaSympathetic Autonomic Nervous System
Relax
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Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System is also known as:
Adrenergic System
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Two types of neuroglia in the Central Nervous System
(there are 4 main types, know the 2)
- 1) astrocytes
- 2) oligodendrocytes
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One type of Neuroglia in the Peripheral Nervous System
(there are 2 main types, know the 1)
Schwann Cells
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Schwann Cells
wrapped around the axon; insulate axon
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Cranial Nerves supply to where?
Supply the Head and the Neck
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Spinal Nerves
outside bone
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