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transition mut
purine for purine or pyrimidine for pyrimidine
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transversion mut
pyrimidine for purine or purine for pyrimidine
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mutagens
agents that cause mutations
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deamination
chemicals that deaminate amino groups on the bases of keto groups (A to HX, G to X, C to U)
can be chem induced, spont, or induced by reactive oxygen species that are prod as by-prod of oxidative metabolism
changes base-pairing properties
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A to HX (hypoxanthine)
upon replication using newly mutated HX, C is added instead of T (for previous A); other unmutated parent strand is normal (AT pairing)
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C to U mutation
upon replication using newly mutated U, A is added instead of G (for previous C); other unmutated parent strand is normal (GC pairing)
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ethylene oxide
alkylating agent that covalently modifies DNA; modifies G residue to make ethylguanine which will pair w/ T instead of C
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Benzo [alpha] pyrene
alkylating agent that covalently modifies DNA; results in distortion of DNA helical structure; upon replication, DNA prod contains an insertion
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cross-linking
mutation of DNA; used in medications too
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Psoralin
- activated by UV light;
- cross-linker that is used in dermabration, treatment of psoriasis, and photo-chemotherapy
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mitocyin C
cross-linker used in chemotherapy
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radiation damage
- DNA fragmentation
- thymidine dimerization
- shift in eq of tautomeric forms of bases
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thymidine dimerization
UV light causes two adjacent thymidine residues to form covalently linked dimer
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tautomeric shift
caused by radiation damage; keto and enol tautomers shift in eq
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adenine (amino)
pairs w/ thymine
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adenine (imino)
pairs w/ cytosine
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thymine (keto)
paris w/ adenine
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thymine (enol)
paris w/ guanine
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