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Nutrition definition
science of food, the nutrients and the substances therein; there action interaction and balance in relationships to health and disease
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What 3 functions do nutrients have?
- Provide energy
- Promote growth and development
- Regulate body processes
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The main classes of nutrients are:
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids (fats)
- Proteins
- Vitamins
- Minerals
- Water
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Macro-nutrients definition and what are they
- Nutrients that are needed in large amounts
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Water
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Micro-nutrients definition and what they are
- Nutrients that are needed in small amounts
- Vitamins
- Minerals
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Calories per gram for Carbs ,fats,Proteins,and alcohol
- Carbs - 4
- fats-9
- Proteins-4
- Alcohol-7
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Desirable nutritional status
to have enough body tissue of the nutrients to support normal functions
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undernurtition
does not meet nutrient needs for your body.
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overnutrtion
consumption of more nutrients than the body needs, which many lead to toxicity
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anthropometric measures
height, weight,body circumferences and skin-fold thickness
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Biochemical assessments measures
specific blood enzymes
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clinical assessment
is physical evidence of diet-related disease
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Dietary assessment
types of foods eaten over a long period of time
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environmental assessment
person's education and economical background
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North American Diet does what?
looks at food consumption trends such as excess calories, to few fruits and veggies
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Scientific Method
- Make observation
- Hypotheses
- Experiment
- Collect data from different sources
- Draw conclusions about hypotheses
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Types of research
- Epidemiological
- Case Control
- Double Blind
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What nurtients provide energy
- carbs
- proteins
- lipids
- * Vitamins dont**!
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Kilocalorie takes how many grams to raise the tempeture 1 degree C.?
1000grams
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food is selected based on
appetite
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Migrant studies
the changes in the health of ppl who move from one country to another
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Cohort Studies
looks at healthy people, looking for the development of disease
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Case control
studies people who have a disease, compared to people who dont
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Double Blind
Experimental group and control group
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DRI
Dietary Reference Intakes
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What are the 5 standards of DRI's
- Estimated Average Requirement EAR
- Recommended Dietary Allowences RDA
- Adequate Intake AI
- Upper Level Intake UP
- Est. Energy Requirement EER
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EAR stands for
Estimated Average Requirement
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RDA
Recommended Dietary Allowances
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EER
Est. energy requirement
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RDA is
the nutrients intake amount sufficient to meet the needs of most people
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AI is
- there is no current set amount, due to the lack of research
- *its just appox. b/c there has been no bad results from that amount
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UL is
maximum intake amount of nutrients that are not likely to cause adverse health effects
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EER is
est. energy needs go according to height, weight,gender,age and physical pattern
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Empty calories
- not nutrient based, high in sugar and/ or fat. They are calories with empty nutrients
- EX; cookies, soda,chips
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Energy Density definition
- comparing a food's calorie content per gram weight of the food
- * energy dense foods are high in calories but weigh very light, (snack foods,nuts)
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Food Insecure
- unable to access enough food to lead healthy lives
- *11% are insecure in the US
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Food Secure
food needs are met all the time
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Organic must be
maintained in healthy soil,manure, and composting
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Recombinant DNA technolgy
the transfer of a gene that confers a specific trait
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Food addivites
substances added to foods to produce a desired effect,such as longer shelf life
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GRAS stands for
Generally recognized as safe
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Foodborn Illness
sickness caused by the ingestion of food contaminated with pathogenic microorganism or toxins
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Danger Zone for food
41-135 degrees f.
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Water is regulated by whom
- Public water-EPA
- Bottled Water-FDA
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Environments contaminatnts
- Lead
- Mercury
- PCB
- Pesticides
- Antibiotics
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Organic Food facts
- Synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and, antibiotics,synthetic hormones and sewage sludge are prohibited
- 95% of all the ingredients must be organic to get approved
- USDA certify all organic foods
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The main use of GM foods is:
to improve pest control and weed management and protect crops against diseases
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Alfatoxin is produced by a mold that grows most often in what products
peanuts and corn
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Tissuse Types (4)
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
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Major organs in the GI tract (6)
- Mouth
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small Intestine
- Large Intestine
- Anus
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Digestion definition
the process of breaking down foods
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absorption definition
uptake of nutrients from the GI tract into either the blood or the lymph
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From the inside out, what is the anatomy of the GI tract
- Mucosa
- Sub-mucosa
- muscle
- Serosa
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Saliva is produced where and what is the function
in the mouth, it contributes to starch digestion,lubrication,swallowing
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Mucus is produced where and what is the function
Mouth,Stomach,small and Large intestine, pancreas; it promotes GI tract cells, lubricates digesting food
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Enzymes are producted where and what is the function
mouth , stomach, small and large intestine, pancreas, digestion of carbs,fats,and protien into small forms small enough for absorption
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Acid is producted where and what is the function
Stomach, promotes digestion of protein, destroys microorganisms, increases solubility of minerals
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Bile is produced where and what is the function
Liver; aids in fat digestion
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Bicarbonate is produced where and what is the function
Pancreas and small intestine; Neutralizes stomach acid when it reaches small intestine
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Hormones are produced where, and what is the function
Regulates digestion and absorption
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Amylase
breaks down starch into simple sugars
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Pepsin
Converts pepsinogen into the active protein
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Chyme
Mixing transformation of solids foods
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The SMALL INTESTINE does what?
digestion and absorption of food
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Passive Diffusion
moves nutrients from a high concentration to a lower concentration
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Facilitated diffusion
High concentration to less + a carrier protein
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Active absorption
less concentration to greater + energy
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Two ways to transport nutrients
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The most digestive enzymes are found
Small intestine and pancres
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Peristalsis
squeezing and shortening of the muscles in the GI tract
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where is the most bacteria housed at
Large intestine
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the main role of the stomach in digestion and absorption is
Mix ingested food to form chyme
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Villi is found where?
small intestine
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what empties its contents into the small intestine via the sphincter ODDI
Liver and Pancreas
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True or False
Fat- soluble vitamins are absorbed directly into the cardiovasular system
false
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What 2 things are absorbed by the large intestine
Water and Electrolytes
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probiotics treat
Diarrhea in children
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What disorder is called bu Helicobacter Pylori ?
peptic ulcer
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What organ produces hydrochloric acid
stomach
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What organ produces sodium Bicarbinate
Pancreas
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What organ produces bile
Liver
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What organ produced CCK
Small intestine
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What organ produces Lipase
pancrease and small intestine
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