Geology 302 Chapter 3

minerals are the building blocks of our planet. Minerals make up rocks

The study of minerals

is a nauturally occuring solid

minerals are produced in nature

a solid state of matter that can maintain its shape indefinately. Liquids and gases are not minerals

Atoms tha tmake up a mineral are not distributed randomly and cannot move around easily. Atoms are fixed in an orderly pattern. Mineralogist refer to the pattern itself. crystaline lattuce

it is possible to write a chemical formula for a mineral. Some minerals contain only one elements. Most are compounds of two or more.

Organic chemicals are molecules containg carbon-hydrogen bonds. Almost all minerals are inorganic. 30 of the are formed thru geologic processes on organic materials.

1. must have an orderly arrangement of atoms inside

A pure substant thst csnnot be separated into other elements

The smallest piece of an element that retains the charateristics of an element. An atom consists of mucleaus surrounded be a cloud of orbiting electons

numer of protons in an atom of an element.

Approx the # of protons plus neutrons in an atom of an element

an atom that is not neutral. An ion that has an excess negative charge (because it has more electrons than protons) is an anion

an attractive force that holds 2 or ore attoms together.

2 or more atoms bonded together. Atoms may be of the same element or different

a pure substance that can be subdivided into 2 or more elements.

a shorthand recipe thaat itemizes the various elements in a chemical and specifies their relative proportions.

a process that involves the breaking or forming of chemical bonds.

a combination of two or more elements or compounds that can be separated without a chemical reaction. EX bran flakes and raisons

A type of material in which one chemical (the solute) dissolves (becomes completely incorporated) in another (the solvent). In solutions

A compound that forms when ions in liquid solution join together to create a solid that settles out of the solution. The process of forming solud frains by separation and settling from a solution.

a single

Crystal faces that grow naturally as the mineral forms.

the way in which atoms are packed defines the crystal structure of the mineral.

Two different minerals (such as diamond and graphite) that have the same composition but different crystal structures

by the regular spacing of atoms. IF the crystal contains more than one type fo atom

symmetry

They can form from the solidification of a melt (freezing of a liquid

a chance formation of a seed. Once the seed exsists

mineral lined cavity in rock

Shape and color

interaction with light. Each color has a different wave length. A mineral absorbs certain wavelengths

refers to the color of a powder produced by pulverizing the mineral. scraping it on an unglazed ceramic plate.

referest to the way a mineral surface scatters light. Geoscientists describe luster simply by comparring the appearance of the mineral with the appearance of a faminilar substance. silky

measure of the relative ability of a mineral to resist scration. The atoms of a strong mineral are more tightly bound than a soft mineral. Diamond is the hardest mineral out there. Minerals are listed in a hardness of 1 to 5 via Friedrich Mohs.

listed 1 to 5. 5 can scratch all materials.

represents the density of the mineral to the weight of water.

referest to the shape ofa single crystal with well-formed crystal faces. or to the character of an aggregate of many well formed crystals that grew together as a group.

some minerals have distinctive properties that readily distinguish them from other minerals.

Different minerals frature in different ways. Depending on the internal arrangement of the atoms

if a mineral breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure. it has a cleavage plane

Materials that have no cleavage at all

Silicates

The fundamental component of most in the earths crust is the SiO4_4 anionic group. 4 oxygen atoms surround a single silicon atom

consist of metal cations bonded to oxygen anions. typical ones cobtain hematite and magnetite

Consist of a metal cation bonded to a sufide anion.

Consist of a metal cation bonded to the SO 2-4 group. Many form preciotitation out of water at or near the earths surface.

The anion in a halide is a halogen ion such as chloride or flouride. Rock salt. or fouride.

The molecule CO 2_3 serves as the anionic group. Calcuim and magnesium bond to this group

consist of pure masses of a single metal. Copper and gold.

Silicate Minerals

Most of the silicate minerals in the crust consist of fundamental building blocks SiO 4_4 called silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

the same composition throughout (all minerals)

homogeneous, naturally occuring, solid, definable chemical composition, crystal lattuce,

a mineral is the material iteself, a crystal is the structure it extends in 3 directions (break a crystal, you get a mineral)

3 ways, crystallization/freezing; perceptation; solid under higher temps;;;; they grow from a seed, grow out from the center, shape determined by shape of barrier.

color, streak, luster, hardness

Yes, measured by 0ing out beaker, weighing water, placing rock in water, subtracting the two #'s, and dividing it by the volume.

Quartz: 120 degrees of two faces of the crystal

silicates: most abundant at surface, selica tetrahedron, 90% of crust; carbonates: electrical charge; Native metals: masses of a single metal element silver gold; Oxides: mixed with oxygen Iron Hermatite Rust oxidation; Sulfur-bearing: metals bonded to sulfur; Halides: contains anything chlorine, flourite, iodine (salt)