dna biochem

prevents DNA helix overwinding ('supercoiling')

• type 1- cuts one strand on dna to relax
• type 2- cuts both strands to unwind

prevent double helix from reforming temporarily

topoisomerase 2 inhibitor

topoisomerase 1 inhibitor

combo of DPol and RPol that builds RNA primer from 5' end of DNA to be copied

synthesizes leading strand and held on DNA by PCNA

synthesizes lagging strand, held in place by PCNA

has PO4 attached

has OH attached

forms a phosphodiester bond to connect Okazaki fragments and close DNA knicks

a RdDP that adds specific repeats to cap the end of a newly copied DNA strand

• RPol2 inhibitor derived from death cap mushroom
• -RPol2, 3, 1 decreasing sensitivity

13,14,15,21 and 22

• depurinate(a single A) from the 28s subunit, deactivating the 60s large subunit of the ribosome
• this prevents the amino-acyl tRNA from entering the A site because eEF1 and eEF2 cannot bind

has a CCA(adenosine) sequence that the amino acids attach to

only tRNA

• MIDD- maternally inherited diabetes and deafness= complex 1 defeciency= dec ATP synth
• MELAS- mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, stroke-like episodes
• tRNA(leu)

sequences of DNA that bind enhance bind TF which bind activated TF to increase the activity of RPol and can be upstream or downstream from the gene being transcribed and forward of backward orientation (ie, actgta or tacagt)

sequences of DNA that bind TF and RPol, and tell RPol where to start

locus control region- controls gene expression by causing chromatin to loosen by removing histones and L1

• c terminal domain of RPol
• required for modifying mRNA, processing proteins bind to the CTD and wait for the particular sequence they are looking for then hop of and do their job, ie splice, cap, polyA
• Ser5PO4

• GU at 5' splice site (donor)
• A at branch site
• AG at 3' splice site (acceptor)

binds CTD after polyA factors release and chew up leftover RNA untill it catches up to RPol and kicks it off DNA, effectively ending transcription

binds met-tRNA (initiator) to AUG on mRNA

• attach aa to tRNAs
• reguires 2 high E bonds

• ATP- to hook tRNA and aa
• GTP- to translate mRNA
• ** though the formation of the peptide bond requires no additional E, the E needed is stored in the AA before it enters the ribosome

• base that when in the wobble position can bind the A,U and C
• -is deaminated G

• eIF-2 and GTP
• GTP is hydrolyzed when start codon is recognized to initiate translation. one GTP is hydrolyzed the large subunit will bind

complexes with the 5' cap, which then binds PBP(polyA binding protein) which acts as an activator of translation

guides aminoacyl tRNA to bind to A site on ribosome

• "translocase"
• aids mRNA to move 3 nucleotides down in ribosome as elongation occurs
• **GTP required**

• has peptidyle transferase that forms the peptide bond on a growing peptide chain
• **on large subunit**

inhibits peptidyl transferase by binding the 28s rRNA on the 60S subunit

• exchanges GDP for GTP on eIF2, which is necessary to guide tRNA to the P site during translation
• **phosphorylation of eIF2B inactivates it**
• **PO4 seen as a response to interferon as response to viral infection**

• controls ferratin and transferrin translation
• **controlled by Fe levels**
• -3' end of transferrin - on during Fe def
• -5' end of ferratin - off during Fe def

cleaves eIF-4G(CBP) so translation stops in infected cell, leaves 5'binding cap and hijacks (CBP) the with its own ribosomal entry site to induse its own translation

inactivates eEF-2, disrupting elongation

point between a purine and deoxyribose

blocks eIF2

• - stops transcription after addition of polyA tail by bumping RPol off
• - proofreading

catalyzes peptide bond formation

brings first tRNA to A site