CSD Intro quiz 1

The process of sharing information between two or more persons

• Formulation
• Transmission
• Reception
• Comprehension

• Language
• Speech
• Hearing

• Socially shared
• Code/arbitrary symbols
• Rule governed
• Represents ideas that are meaningful to others who know the same code
• Generative (infinitely creative)
• Dynamic
• Can be oral written or signed

The words we use and the meaning behind them

• The rules of language governing meaning of words and word combinations
• Involves vocabulary and relationships between words

How words, sentences, sounds, are organized and arranged to convey content (meaning)

• Rules of language governing the sounds we use to make syllables and words
• Ex. there are no words in English with "g" following "l" at the beginning

• Rules of language governing the internal organization of words
• Words can be "morphed" to change meaning (walk- walked- walker)

The smallest meaningful unit of a language (want, dog, fair)

• The rules of language governing the internal organization of sentences
• A collection of rules for combining words into phrases and sentences (grammar, word order, sentence structure)

The purpose of language; why we are communicating in the first place

Rules of language governing how language is used for social purposes (conversation and social conventions)

• Artifacts- possessions, clothing, general appearance
• Kinesics- gestures, body language
• Proxemics- physical distance between communicators
• Tactiles- touching behaviors

• Neuromuscular process
• Allows us to express and transmit language as a vocal product
• Uses respiration, phonation, and articulation
• 4 building blocks of normal speech- breathstrem, voice, articulation, fluency

• The sound source of speech
• Produced in the larynx
• Characteristics- quality (hoarse, smooth, raspy), volume (how loudly/softly a person speaks), pitch (highness or lowness of voice)

• The movement of the speech mechanism (mouth) to produce the sounds of speech
• Involves tongue, teeth, and lips

• Easy, smooth, flowing, and effortless speech
• Involves rate (the speed at which we speak), pauses (silence in between words), prosody (the rate and rhythm), repetitions, fillers, prolongations

• The perception of sound
• 4 steps: creation of sound source, vibration of air particles, reception by the ear, comprehension by the brain

The ability to perceive sound

Making sense of sound after perceiving it

• Significant difficulty in one or more areas of communication process compared to others
• Problems in formulation, transmission, reception, comprehension

• Component that is affected (comprehension, production, etc)
• Age of onset
• Etiology
• Progression

• Congenital/developmental- occurs before, during, or shortly after the time of birth
• Acquired- occurs after a period of normal communication development (result of illness, accident, or environmental circumstances)

• Cause of origin of the problem
• Organic- neurological or physiological cause
• Functional- does not have a known organic cause

• Progressive/degenerative- deteriorates over time
• Non-progressive- does not deteriorate over time

• Organic/functional
• Developmental/acquired
• Form/content/use
• Receptive/expressive
• Progressive/non-progressive

• Articulation- organic/functional, developmental/acquired, progressive/non-progressive
• Fluency
• Voice- organic/functional

• The location of the impairment in the auditory system
• The degree of impairment- deafness or hard of hearing

The study of structures of the body

The study of the functions of bodily structures

• Primary biological functions- breathing (supply oxygen to blood, remove excess CO2 from body)
• Also funcions as the power source for speech

• Muscle of respiration
• Muscle shaped like a dome
• Sits at floor of the rib cage (thorax)
• Separates the stomach from the thorax
• Inhaling- contraction causes the thoracic cavity to expand (the lungs fill with air)

• Muscles in between the ribs
• External intercostals- inhaling
• Internal intercostals- exhaling

• The airway (windpipe) that extends downward from larynx
• Divides into 2 bronchi

• Exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen occurs in the lungs
• The exhaled air is used as a power source for speech

• Quiet breating
• Breathing to sustain life

• Inhalations occur at controlled times
• Inhalation shortens, exhalation lengthens
• Frequently requires active muscle contraction during exhalation
• Air exchange is greater than in tidal breathing

• Converts airflow energy to sound
• Includes trachea, larynx, and pharynx

• Primary structure in phonatory system (creates voice)
• Located in air passageway between throat and trachea
• Together with epiglottis prevents substances from entering the trachea

• Connects oral and nasal cavity
• Passageway where sound comes up and outward

U shaped bone that suspends from larynx

Forms front and side walls of larynx

• Sits above the first tracheal ring, just below the thyroid and above the trachea
• Attaches to arytenoids in back

• Points of attachment for the vocal cords
• Responsible for adduction (brings vocal folds together) and abduction (separates vocal folds) of vocal cords

• Attached to thyroid cartilage
• Prevents fodd from entering larynx during swallowing

The space between the vocal folds

• Sound produced by vocal fold vibration
• The opening of the vocal folds during vibration is NOT due to muscular contraction

• Vocal folds come together (adduct)
• Air pressure builds up below folds (due to air pressure generated by the system: exhalation)
• When air pressure builds up below folds (subglottal pressure) > pressure above folds- vocal folds are "blown" open in wave-like manner
• Decrease of air pressure causes vocal folds to come back together
• Movement of the articulators (jaw, tongue, teeth, lips, palate) shapes the air into particular speech sounds

• Manipulates airflow and voice that was channeled through phonatory system
• Creates specific speech sounds

• Mandible (houses lower teeth and forms floor of mouth)
• Teeth (chewing; involved in the production of dental speech sounds)
• Hard palate- roof of mouth and floor of nose (maxilla- houses the upper teeth and forms the alveolar ridge and palatine process)
• Soft palate (velum; moveable part of palate that opens and closes the nasal cavity from the oral cavity, the tip of the soft palate is called the uvula)
• Tongue, lips, and cheeks (important for production of most speech sounds)
• Pharynx (passageway connecting the nasal and oral cavities)

Bumpy ridge behind the upper front teeth (anterior portion of hard palate)

• Filters sounds produced by larynx through pharynx, nasal cavityn (m, n, ng; velum lowered), and oral cavity (oral resonance for most speech sounds; velum raised)
• Gives the voice its distinctive quality (distinctive to each person)

• Brain- cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum
• Spinal cord- collection of neuron cell bodies located within the spinal column; nerves of spinal cord synapse with the perpheral nervouse system

• Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body (sensory and motor functions are contralateral)
• Each hemisphere has four lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal)
• Longitudinal fissure separates the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres (fissure of rolando- separates frontal from parietal lobe; fissure of sylvius- separates frontal from temporal lobe)
• Hemispheres are connected internally by the corpus callosum (pathway through which the two hemispheres communicate)
• The top layer of each hemisphere is called the cortex (gray matter)
• Responsible for sensing and interpreting input from many sources
• Mantains cognitive functioning (thinking, problem solving, creating, rationalizing, planning)

Ridges in cortex of cerebrum

• Grooves in cortex of cerebrum
• Deep sulci are called fissures

• Motor cortex- activating and coordinating movement
• Broca's area- important in language production (in the left hemisphere in most people)
• Prefrontal areas- personality, impulse control
• Controlling executive functions

• Somatosensory areas- sense of touch, pressure, and positions of the body
• Perceiving and integrating sensory and perceptual behavior

• Visual cortex
• Receives and processes visual information

• Auditory cortex- Heschle's gyrus (processes sounds)
• Wernicke's area- involved in language comprehension (in the left hemisphere in most people)

• The lower extension of the brain where it connects to the spinal cord
• Conduit between rest of brain and spinal cord
• Consists of afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) nerve tracts
• Relay station for nerves supplying the head and face

• Attached to the back of the brainstem
• Coordination of motor movements
• Regulates motor and muscular activity
• Maintaining muscle tone
• Monitors movement range and strength
• Maintenance of posture

• System of nerves connected to brainstem and spinal cord
• Carries sensory info to the CNS
• Carries motor commands away from CNS
• Controls both voluntary and involuntary activity
• 31 pairs of spinal nerves (reflexes, volitional sensory and motor activity in the body)
• 12 pairs of cranial nerves (more important for speech than spinal nerves, carries information about 4 of 5 sense, input to muscles of the face and neck)

• Sensory nerves- carry sensory impulses to the brain
• Motor nerves- carry motor impulses from brain to muscles
• Muxed nerves- carry both sensory and motor impulses
• 12 pairs- 7 important for communication functions
• Originate from brainstem