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What is the endocrine function of the male testes?
Produces testosterone
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What is the exocrine function of the male testes?
Produce and expel sperm
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What part of the reproductive system is operated on during a vasectomy?
ductus deferens
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What is the normal pH of sperm? Basic or acidic?
- 7.2-7.6
- Basic
- To counter the acidity of the vagina
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During circumcision, what part of the penis is removed? (medical term for foreskin)
prepuce
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fertilization
Occurs the moment that generic material of a sperm combines with that of an ovum to form a fertilized egg (zygote)
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Where does fertilization occur?
Uterine tubes
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Ovulation
the ejection of an egg from the ovary
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Name the three layers of the uterine wall from inner to outer
- endometrium
- myometrium
- perimetrium
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body of the uterus
major portion of the uterus
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fundus of the uterus
superior region above the entrance of the uterine tubes
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cervix of the uterus
narrow outlet, protruding into the vagina
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Menstrual cycle
Cyclic changes that the endometrium goes through month after month in response to hormonal changes
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proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle
- endometrial blood supply increases
- endometrium thickens again
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Secretory phase of the menstrual cycle
- If fertilization occurs, perfect environment to nourish
- If fertilization does not occur, sets the stage for menses
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embryo (time period)
from fertilization until week 8
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fetus (time period)
from week 9 until birth
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How long can the egg survive in order for the conception to take place?
24o-48o
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zygote
- fertilized egg
- first cell of the new individual
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All body systems are present in an embryo by what week?
8 weeks
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Why do pregnant women have a higher incidence of lower back pain other than the gravid abdomen size?
Relaxin causes all ligaments to relax, and become more flexible
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What hormone initiates labor?
oxytocin
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What are the three stages of labor?
- dilation
- expulsion
- placental
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Dilation stage (of labor) - events
- contractions push baby against cervix
- cervix softens, and effaces (thins)
- amnionic sac ruptures
- lasts 6-12 hours
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Expulsion stage (of labor) - events
- from full dilation to delivery
- urge to push
- typically 50 minutes (can be 20 min - 2 hrs)
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Placental stage (of labor) - events
- about 15 minutes after birth
- placenta and fetal membranes detach from uterus
-
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Menopause
ovulation and cessation of menses
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What defines menopause?
- Between ages of 46 and 54
- Menses has ceased for a year
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Does the process of ejaculation and urination occur at the same time?
No
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What is BPH? (male)
- Increased size of the prostate gland
- Strangles the urethra
- Increases risks of infection
- Makes urination difficult
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What is primary follicle made of? (female)
- Contains an immature ovum (egg)
- Egg surrounded by layers of follicle cells
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Epididymus (male reproductive tract)
temporary storage site for sperm
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Ductus (vas) deferens (male reproductive tract)
- from epididymus to the ejaculatory duct
- Functions to propel sperm into the urethra
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Urethra
- from base of bladder to tip of penis
- carries both urine and semen
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Three regions of the male urethra from bladder the tip of penis
- prostatic urethra
- membraneous urethra
- spongy urethra
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Prostatic urethra
region of the urethra surrounded by the prostate gland
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Membraneous urethra (male)
region of the urethra from prostatic urethra to the penis
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Spongy (penile) urethra
- Region of the urethra running within the length of the penis
- Opens to the exterior of the body
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Scrotum
- a devided sac of skin hanging outside of the body
- houses the testes
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What is the function of the scrotum?
to keep the testes at about 3o C cooler than the body
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Glans penis (of the penis)
enlarged tip of the penis
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prepuce (of the penis)
foreskin
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Ovaries
- primary female reproductive organs
- endocrine and exocrine
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Uterine (fallopian) tubes
- for the initial part of the duct system
- receives the ovulated oocyte and provides site for fertilization
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Uterus
Hollow organ that functions to receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized egg
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Vagina
- thin walled tube 8-10cm long
- provide passageway for delivery of infant and menses
- Receives the penis (& semen)
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Vulva (female)
external genitalia en masse
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Mons pubis (female)
- fatty area overlying the pubic symphysis
- covered in pubic hair after puberty
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Labia (female)
skin folds
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Labia majora (female)
- Hair covered skin folds
- enclose the labia minora
- encloses the vestibule
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Labia majora (female)
delicate, hair-free folds of skin
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Vestibule (female)
- Enclosed by labia majora
- Contains ecternal openings of the urethra and vagina
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Greater vestibular glands (female)
- one is found on each side of the vagina
- Secretes lubricant during intercourse
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Clitoris (female)
- contains erectile tissue
- corresponds to the male penis
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In what three ways is does is the clitoris similar to the penis?
- Hooded by prepuce
- Composed of sensitive erectile tissue
- Becomes swollen with blood during sexual excitement
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