Cardio

–Atrial systole

• –Signal from SA node spreads through
• atria and depolarization begins

• –Correlates with phase 0 of
• myocardial action potential

• –Firing of AV node and ventricular
• depolarization

• –Atrial repolarization and
• diastole

• –Correlates with phase 1 of
• myocardial action potential

–Ventricular systole

–Contraction and ejection of blood

• –Correlates with phase 2 of
• myocardial action potential

–Ventricular repolarization

• –Immediately before ventricular
• diastole

• –Correlates with phase 3 of
• myocardial action potential

Genetic or acquired

Caused by drugs and electrolyte abnormalities

• –Antiarrhythmics, antipsychotics, antibiotics,
• methadone

–Hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia

• Procedure to open blocked or narrowed coronary arteries
• Done during the left cardiac catheterization
• Balloon angioplasty alone or with stent placement

Coronary artery bypass grafting

nOpen heart surgery

nGrafts harvested from legs, chest, or arms

nGrafts are used as a “detour” around the blocked portion of the coronary artery

• 1. - 2, 7, 9, 10
• 2. - 5, 8, 13, fibrinogen

• —Prevent/treat venous thrombi
• **prevents clots from getting bigger
• VTE --> PE, DVT

composed mainly of fibrin and RBCs = red clots

• prevent/treat arterial thrombi
• - MI, stroke, limb gangrene

composed mainly of platelets = white clots

• vitamin k antagonists (warfarin)
• heparin
• factor Xa inhibitors
• direct thrombin inhibitors

• asparin
• ADP inhibitors
• - thienopyridines (clopidogrel)
• - cyclopentyltriazolopyrimidine (ticagrelor)
• Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
• glycoprotein 2b/3a inhibitors

Dissolving existing clots

use: plasminogen activators