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What is the estimated total length of all the blood in the body?
60,000 miles
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What are the three main functions of the circulatory system?
- transportation
- regulation
- protection
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What are the three main groups of substances transported by the circulatory system?
- respiratory
- nutritive
- excretory
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What are the two main categories of factors that the circulatory system aids in regulating?
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What are the two main ways in which the circulatory system protects the body?
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What are the two divisions of the circulatory system?
- cardiovascular system
- lymphatic system
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What type of blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?
arteries
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What type of blood vessels carry blood back to the heart?
veins
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What are the smallest arteries?
arterioles
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What vessels of the circulatory system are the business end of the system?
capillaries
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What are the smallest veins?
venules
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What is the fluid portion of the blood?
plasma
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What extracellular fluid surrounds the cells within the tissues of the body?
tissue fluid (interstitial fluid)
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What is the average total blood volume of an adult?
5 liters
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What term refers to blood leaving the heart?
arterial blood
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What term refers to blood returning to the heart after passing through or around capillary beds?
venous blood
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In what part of the circulatory system is venous blood oxygen-rich?
the pulmonary ciruclation
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What are the three formed elements of the blood?
- red blood cells (RBCs)
- white blood cells (WBCs)
- platelets
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What term refers to the percentage of the blood made up of RBCs?
hematocrit
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What is the normal range of the hematocrit in women?
36%-36%
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What is the normal range of the hematocrit in men?
41%-53%
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What is the major solute in blood?
Na+
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List some of the substances dissolved in plasma.
- ion
- metabolites
- hormones
- enzymes
- antibodies
- proteins
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List the three types of plasma proteins.
- albumins
- globulins
- fibrinogen
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What type of plasma proteins are the smallest and function to provide the osmotic pressure needed to
draw water from tissue fluid into capillaries?
albumins
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List the three types of globulins.
- alpha globulins
- beta globulins
- gamma globulins
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What two types of globulins transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins?
alpha and beta globulins
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What type of globulins are antibodies?
gamma globulins
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What type of plasma protein functions in clotting?
fibrinogen
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What is the watery fluid left over after the coagulation of blood?
serum
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What is a synonym for RBCs?
erythrocytes
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What is a synonym for WBCs?
leukocytes
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What is the shape of an RBC?
It is a flattened, biconcaved disc.
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What organelles does an RBC lack?
a nucleus and mitochondria
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What is the approximate life span of a mature RBC?
120 days
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What organs remove older RBCs from circulation?
the liver, spleen, and bone marrow
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What is the main function of RBCs?
to transport oxygen
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What protein within RBCs carries oxygen?
hemoglobin
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What proteins make up hemoglobin?
four globins, each of which contains a heme group that contains iron
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As old, worn out RBCs are destroyed, what portion of hemoglobin is recycled within the body?
the iron in the heme groups
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What condition results due to a lack of iron in the diet?
iron-deficiency anemia
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What are the two main types of leukocytes?
granular and agranular (nongranular)
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What two stains are used on blood?
eosin and basic stain
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What are the three types of granular WBCs?
- eosinophils
- basophils
- neutrophils
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What type of WBC is granular and readily absorbs eosin?
eosinophils
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What type of granular WBC readily absorbs basic stain?
basophil
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What type of granular WBC has little affinity for either commonly used stain?
neutrophil
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What is the most common type of WBC?
neutrophil
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What are the two types of agranular WBCs?
-
What is the second most common type of WBC?
lymphocyte
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What agranular WBC is small and has a round nucleus little cytoplasm?
lymphocyte
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What are the largest WBCs?
monocytes
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What type of WBC is agranular and has a kidney- or horsehoe-shaped nucleus?
monocyte
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What formed element of the blood is composed of fragments of cells?
platelets
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What is the life span of platelets?
5 to 9 days
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What organs destroy old platelets?
the liver and spleen
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What is the formation of blood or blood cells in the body?
hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis)
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What are the cells that give rise to the blood cells?
hematopoietic stem cells
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What hormone stimulates the production of RBCs?
erythropoietin
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What organ makes erythropoietin?
the kidneys
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What hormone stimulates the production of platelets?
thrombopoietin
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What organs make thrombopoietin?
the liver and kidneys
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What factor causes the production of erythropoietin by the kidneys?
decreased O2 levels in the blood
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What is a substance that may invoke an immune response?
an antigen
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What are proteins that a specific to particular antigens?
antibodies
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What is the major group of red blood cell antigens?
the ABO system
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What are the four blood types found in the ABO system?
-
What antigen is found on the RBCs of type A blood?
A
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What antigen is found on the RBCs of type B blood?
B
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What antigens are found on the RBCs of type AB blood?
A & B
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Within the ABO system of antigens on RBCs, what antigen(s) is (are) found on RBCs of blood type
O?
none
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In relation to the ABO system, what antibodies occur in type A blood?
b
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In relation to the ABO system, what antibodies occur in type B blood?
a
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In relation to the ABO system, what antibodies occur in type AB blood?
none
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In relation to the ABO system, what antibodies occur in type O blood?
a & b
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What is the medical term for the clumping of RBCs?
agglutination
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What ABO blood type is the universal donor?
O
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What ABO blood type is the universal recepient?
AB
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What antigen on RBCs was first discovered in rhesus monkeys?
Rh
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What is the designation of the blood type in which the Rh factor is present on RBCs?
Rh positive
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What condition may occur if the biological mother of a child is Rh- and the father is Rh+?
erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn)
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What drug is given to an Rh- biological mother to prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn if the biological father is Rh+?
RhoGAM
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What three separate but overlapping processes take place when the endothelial lining of a blood vessel is broken?
vasoconstriction ó the formation of a platelet plug the production of a web of fibrin proteins that penetrates and surrounds the plug
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When the endothelium of a vessel is damaged platelets adhere to what two substances in the damaged wall?
collagen and von Willebrandís factor
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What platelets begin adhering to the wall of a vessel what substances released by the platelets cause other platelets to become sticky?
ADP & thromboxane A2 (TxA2)
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The adhesion of platelets to the damaged wall of a vessel and the platelet release reaction lead to the
formation of what?
the platelet plug
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What ion must be present for the formation of a web of fibrin in the clotting of blood?
Ca2+
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What substances in the blood interact with negatively charged surfaces, one another, Ca2+, and phospholipids to begin the formation of a web of fibrin in blood clotting?
plasma clotting factors
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What inactive glycoprotein is activated to bring about clotting?
prothrombin
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What is the active form of prothrombin?
thrombin
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Thrombin converts what substance into a monomer?
fibrinogen
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What monomer is fibrinogen converted into in the process of blood clotting?
fibrin
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Fibrinogen is converted to what substance in the process of blood clotting?
fibrin
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What enzyme converts fibrinogen to fibrin?
thrombin
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What becomes of the fibrin formed by the conversion fibrinogen into fibrin?
It forms fibrin polymers, long strands of fibrin that form a web.
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What substance that increases the rate of clot formation is released by damaged tissues?
thromboplastin
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What are substances that prevent clotting?
anticoagulants
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List four anticoagulants.
- aspirin
- coumarin
- heparin
- citrate
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What chambers of the heart receive venous blood?
the atria
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What chambers of the heart pump blood in the arterial system?
the ventricles
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How many chambers are there in the heart?
4
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What portion of the circulatory system carries blood to and from the lungs?
the pulmonary circulation
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What portion of the circulatory system carries blood to all of the body except the lungs?
the systemic circulation
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What is the function of valves in the circulatory system?
to prevent the blood from flowing in the wrong direction
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How many valves are in the heart?
4
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What heart valves lie between the atria and the ventricles and are thus named?
the atrioventricular (AV) valves
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What heart valves prevent blood from returning to the ventricles?
the semilunar valves
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What valve lies between the right atrium and the right ventricle?
the tricuspid valve
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What valve presents blood from returning to the right atrium?
the tricuspid valve
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What valve lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle?
the mitral valve
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What valve prevents blood from returning to the left atrium?
the mitral valve
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What valve lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk?
the pulmonary valve
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What valve prevents blood from returning to the right ventricle?
the pulmonary valve
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What valve lies between the left ventricle and the aorta?
the aortic valve
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What valve prevents blood from returning to the left ventricle?
the aortic valve
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What is the repeating pattern of contraction and relaxation in the heart?
the cardiac cycle
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What is the phase of contraction in the heart?
systole
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What is the phase of relaxation in the heart?
diastole
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What is the function of the atria?
to pump the last 20% of the end-diastolic volume into the ventricles
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What is the function of the ventricles?
to pump blood into the arterial system
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What is the medical term for the amount of blood ejected from the ventricles?
stroke volume
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What produces the heart sounds?
the closing of the valves
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What produces the first heart sound?
the atrioventricular valves
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What produces the second heart sound?
the semilunar valves
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What sound is produced if heart valves do not close properly?
heart murmurs
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Following blood through the heart from that returning from the body to blood being pumped to the body, what chamber of the heart receives blood returning from the body?
the right atrium
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Following blood through the heart from that returning from the body to blood being pumped to the body, what chamber of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?
the right ventricle
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Following blood through the heart from that returning from the body to blood being pumped to the body, what chamber of the heart receives blood returning from the lungs?
the left atrium
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Following blood through the heart from that returning from the body to blood being pumped to
the body, what chamber of the heart pumps blood to the body?
the left ventricle
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What is the pacemaker of the heart?
the sinoatrial node (SA node)
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What is the influence of the nervous system on the SA node?
The nervous system can only modify the rate of spontaneous depolarization of the SA node. It does not cause depolarization.
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What part of the conduction system of the heart conducts the impulse initiated by the SA node after the impulse has swept through the atria?
the atrioventricular node (AV node)
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What part of the hearts conduction system delays the impulse while the atria contract?
the atrioventricular node (AV node)
-
What part of the heartís conduction system carries the impulse from through the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
the atrioventricular bundle (the bundle of His)
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The atrioventricular bundle of the heart's conduction system divides into what two parts?
the left and right bundle branches
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What part of the heartís conduction system lies within the ventricular walls?
the Purkinje fibers
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What is an electrical recording of the heartís activity?
an electrocardiogram
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What portion of an ECG records the depolarization of the atria?
the P wave
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What part of an ECG records the depolarization of the ventricles?
the QRS complex
-
What part of an ECG records the repolarization of the ventricles?
the T wave
-
In relation to an ECG, when does the first heart sound occur?
at the end of the QRS complex
-
In relation to an ECG, when does the second heart sound occur?
shortly after the beginning of the T wave
-
What are two structural differences between arteries and veins?
Veins have thinner walls than arteries. They also have valves.
-
What is the driving force of blood in arteries?
blood pressure produced by the heart
-
What three factors moving blood through veins?
- the skeletal muscle pump
- gravity
- decreases in the pressure within the thoracic cavity
-
What is hardening of the arteries?
arteriosclerosis
-
What is the most common form of arteriosclerosis?
atherosclerosis
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What is atherosclerosis?
a buildup of plaque in an artery
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List the three functions of the lymphatic system.
- to collect, filter, and transport back to the blood excess interstitial fluid
- to transport absorbed fats from the digestive system to the blood
- to help provide immunological defenses
-
What lymphatic vessels collect interstitial fluid?
lymphatic capillaries
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What is the fluid within lymphatic vessels?
lymph
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What vessel collect lymph from the lower extremities, the abdominopelvic cavity, the left upper
extremity, and the left side of the thorax, the neck, and the head?
the thoracic duct
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What lymphatic vessel drains lymph from the right side of the thorax, head, and neck, and the right upper extremity?
the right lymphatic duct
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Into what vessels do the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct return lymph to the blood?
the left and right subclavian veins
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What structures filter lymph?
lymph nodes
-
List the lymphoid organs.
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