The ______ keeps harmful chemicals out of the brain.
Blood Brain Barrier
Neurotransmitters attach to a _____ ______ on the post-synaptic cell.
binding site
Non-coding DNA is also called _______.
junk (DNA)
The long, thin, cylindrical structure that conveys information from the soma of a meuron to its terminal buttons
axon
People who have unilaterial ______ ignore objects on the left side of their bodies.
neglect
Glials cells leave ____ in the brains of those who suffer from multiple sclerosis.
scars
Based on observable evidence.
emprical
viruses like ______ enter your spinal cord and continue to attack you for life.
herpes
This chnage of the electrical potential of the cell from negative to positive is the _____ _____, which ultimately causes the cell to fire.
action potential
One study found that neurons grown with _____ were ten times more active than those grown without.
astrocytes
_____ are secreted by the endocrine glands.
hormones
Axons divide and branch into little knob-like structures called ...
terminal buttons
Tiny gaps
synapses
Has many different definitions, including simply "being awake"
consciousness
_________ are composed of strands of DNA.
chromosomes
Who described natural selection?
Charles Darwin
Act as phagocytes and protect the brain from microorganisms--- they respond to trauma, tumors, and infections in the brain.
(micro)glial cells
The ability to respond to objects you report you cannot see
blindsight
_______ is the process where glia engulf and digest dead neurons.
phagocytosis
Postsynaptic potentials are mostly all terminated by_____
reuptake
This is using the results of studies to create universal laws explaining behavior
Generalizing
Neurons "talk" to one another with _____
neurotransmitters
A region of the medula that controls vomiting.
Area Postrema
_______ is vital in all science-- we must protect the rights of human and non-human animal subjects.
Ethics
______ are responsible for the structure and function of all living, breathing beings. their production controlled by genes.
proteins
Either a neuron fires, or it does not:
All-or-None Law
Processes and transmits information
neuron
A transection of the corpus callosum would be performed to prevent ________
Seizures (from epilepsy)
______ affects more than 350,000 people in the USA and 2.5 million worldwide.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
(in neurons) This is the cell body; it contains the nucleus
The soma
(in neurons) this is the fatty covering on the axon; it lets the impulses transmit faster and more efficiently.
Myelin sheath
(in neurons) These are the communication limbs; they are the receptors
dendrites
(in neurons) These secrete neurotransmitters to be sent and recieved by post-synaptic neurons (hint: they are branchy knobs)
terminal buttons
There are the nerve cells. They process and transmit information
Neurons
Neurons are always very close to other neurons but they never touch. Are they contiguous or continuous?
Contiguous
(in neurons) The part of the neuron conveys information. (hint: it is a long cylinder)
Axon
Essential molecules which form body structures and drive processes. They make hemoglobin and build cardiac muscle. Synthesized using a genetic code. Made of amino acids.
Proteins
Genes / DNA make proteins. This kind of DNA is NOT coding for proteins. It accounts for 90% of human DNA.
"junk" DNA
This is the most abundant glial cell. They wrap around neurons, produce chemicals, and clean up the surrounding environment
Astrocytes
These glial cells guide neurons in embryo development
Radial glia
These glial cells are responsible for producing and coating neurons with the myelin sheath in the Central Nervous System (CNS).
Oligodendrocytes
These glial cells can provide protection against invasion, control tumors, and support immunity in the Central Nervous System (CNS).
Microglia
These glial cells are responsible for producing and coating neurons with the myelin sheath in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
Schwann Cells
This auto immune disease is characterized by the loss of the myelin sheath around neurons, resulting in motor failure. The symptoms may come and go.
Multiple Sclerosis
(There is glial repair scarring. Affects 2.5 million worldwide and 350,000 in the USA).
Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis includes this medication. It is anti-tumor and anti-viral
Interferon
This is semi-permiable and produced by cells in the walls of the brain's capillaries. It keeps most harmful chemicals out of the brain
The blood brain barrier
If a neuron is not firing, it is at ___________;
a fully charged firing neuron is at ___________.
resting potential;
action potential
These are released from the pre-synapse to the post-synapse.
neurotransmitters
What are the 2 ways neurotransmitters stop exerting their effects?
1. reuptake
2. enzymatic degradation
These treatment medications affect neurotransmitters in the synaptic gap.
Selective Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) [They regulate reuptake; which allows control over Neurotransmitter levels in the synaptic gap]
This neurotransmitter is involved in learning, movement, sleeping, etc. a breakdown in their functioning has been shown to be linked to Alzheimer's Disease.
acetylcholine (ACh)
When acetylcholine is no longer needed, it is broken down by this enzyme. In Alzheimer's Treatment, this enzyme is removed to promote acetylcholine
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
The CNS is made up of what 2 structures?
The brain and the spinal cord
(in the brain) This is clear, removes waste products, is continually replenished, and softens head trauma.
Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)
This part of the body recieves 20% of the hearts bloodflow and cannot store nutrients.
the Brain
A system of 3 membrane layers that cover the CNS and PNS.
meninges
The outermost first layer of the meninges; "tough mother"
Dura Mater
This is the middle layer of the meninges; "Spidery"
Arachnoid Membrane
Cerebral Spinal Fluid flows between what 2 meninges?
The Arachnoid membrane and the Pia Mater
This is the third and inner layer of the meninges; "Pious Mother"
Pia Mater
Caused by fungus, allergies, and tumors, this is a swelling and irritation of the meninges. It is treatable.
Meningitis
At birth a baby's brain is at what % of the adult max weight?
25%
There are 4 hollow ventricles in the brain for CSF to flow. What happens if the flow is obstructed?
Hydrocephalus "water on the head" ie. infant head swelling
At day 18 in utero, the CNS develops (in the form of the Neural Tube). At day 28 the neural tube closes into 3 chambers (fore,mid,hind). What congenital problem can occur if they do no close?
Spina Bifida (ie. pics from powerpoint)
TRUE/FALSE The environment can affect brain / CNS development.
TRUE (ie. hot tub)
In animal studies, how do enriched environments and stimulation correlate with brain development?
stereovision is linked with what cognitive ability?
depth perception
Which of the senses has the ability to regrow functionally related neurons?
olfaction (smell)
1 of 3 parts of the brain, this part is the largest division and controls what we think; "our humanity"
The forebrain
1 of 2, this is the the first part of the forebrain
telencephalon
Within the telencephalon, the cerebral cortex is the "folded" brain material, known as _______
convolusions
These are indents or grooves in the cerebral cortex
sulci
large grooves in the cerebral cortex, specifically the hemisphere division between brain halves
fissures
These are raised bulges in the cerebral cortex
gyri
This lobe is responsible for executive control (personality, and decision making).
Frontal lobe (all lobes consist of cortex)
This lobe is responsible for motor control; the perception of tactile senses
Parietal lobe (all lobes consist of cortex)
This lobe is responsible for language, hearing, and some aspects of mating. (hint: located by the temples).
Temporal lobe (all lobes consist of cortex)
This lobe is responsible for vision.
Occipital lobe (all lobes consist of cortex)
What is the color of brain matter that consist of cell bodies? (The soma of the cerebral cortex)
Gray matter
What is the color of brain matter that consist of myelination (the fatty sheath)?
White matter
The cerebral cortex processes what 3 senses?
vision, hearing, touch [damage to one area can lead to problems with associated areas, eg. vision & touch]
Lateralization: Which hemisphere controls word analysis? Which controls prosody of speech?
LEFT Hemisphere: word analysis
RIGHT Hemisphere: prosody of speech [prosody is the rythem and inotation of speech, invoking meaning]
The brain hemispheres are connected by what?
The corpus callosum
This is within the telencephalon; it is a series of interconnections responsible for emotion, memory, and motivation.
The limbic system
This part of the limbic system is responsible for spatial navigation and consolidates memories (STM to LTM). Damage to this part can affect Long term memory.
The hippocampus
This part of the limbic system is the "relay station". It processes and relays sensations. It regulates sleep and consciousness as well
the Thalamus
This part of the limbic system is responsible for the fight or flight response. If damaged, a persron may have trouble understanding fear in others.
amygdala
this "bump / belt ridge" is responsible for attention, cognitive control, and self-recognition. Its malfunction is linked to schizophrenia.
The cingulate gyrus
This part of the limbic system helps process fear
Fornix (Latin for "vault" or "arch", regarding its shape)
this part of the limbic system controls movement. It contains 3 parts called the cauda nucleus, putamen, and the globus pallidus.
Basal Ganglia
A movement disorder of the basal ganglia, this is characterized by a slow steady loss of dopamine neurons. (hint: Michael J Fox).
Parkinson's Disease
A degenerative movement disorder of the basal ganglia, there is a 50% chance of passing this disease to the children of parents who have it.
Huntington's Disease
This disorder causes abnormal movement in one hemisphere's control.
Hemibilismus
This is the second major part of the forebrain
Diencephalon
This is a relay station of sensations to proper areas of the brain (except olfaction).
Thalamus
This part of the diencephalon is responsible for "the 4 F's": fighting, feeding, fleeing, and reproduction. It is a drive regulator with the pituitary gland.
Hypothalamus (meaning "under chamber" or under the thalamus)
enchephal means _____
Head
This part of the brain is also called the mesencephalon. it is responsible for eye movement, sleep, attention, and arousal. It is the smallest brain division.
Midbrain
This brain division is separated into the metencephalon and myencephalon. It is responsible for waking, body movement, heart rate and blood pressure.
Hindbrain
This consists of the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord
The PNS (peripheral nervous system)
The PNS controls information flow. ____ neurons control info flow towards the CNS;
_____ neurons control info flow away from CNS (to the muscles and glands).
Afferent;
Efferent
The Peripheral nervous system breaks further into these two nervous systems.
The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
This Nervous System controls sensory information and muscles.
Somatic Nervous System
This nervous system controls the heart, glands, and pupils; the automatic processes.
Autonomic nervous system
The Anutonomic nervous system breaks down into these two nervous systems.
The Sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems.
In the ANS, The _______ nervous system controls fight or flight feelings;
The _______ nervous system controls the rest and digest
Sympathetic;
Parasympathetic
another name for piloerection?
goosebumps
This newer defined nervous system controls bowel function.( IBS, ulcers).
Enteric Nervous System
The study of effects of drugs on the nervous system.
Psychopharmacology
These are exogenous ("outside" "generated") and work at low doses. Most of these interfere with neuron communicaction.
drugs
The study of how drugs pass through the body; the study of the metabolism of drugs.