PhysioPsych_Test1

The ______ keeps harmful chemicals out of the brain.

Neurotransmitters attach to a _____ ______ on the post-synaptic cell.

Non-coding DNA is also called _______.

The long, thin, cylindrical structure that conveys information from the soma of a meuron to its terminal buttons

People who have unilaterial ______ ignore objects on the left side of their bodies.

Glials cells leave ____ in the brains of those who suffer from multiple sclerosis.

Based on observable evidence.

viruses like ______ enter your spinal cord and continue to attack you for life.

This chnage of the electrical potential of the cell from negative to positive is the _____ _____, which ultimately causes the cell to fire.

One study found that neurons grown with _____ were ten times more active than those grown without.

_____ are secreted by the endocrine glands.

Axons divide and branch into little knob-like structures called ...

Tiny gaps

Has many different definitions, including simply "being awake"

_________ are composed of strands of DNA.

Who described natural selection?

Act as phagocytes and protect the brain from microorganisms--- they respond to trauma, tumors, and infections in the brain.

The ability to respond to objects you report you cannot see

_______ is the process where glia engulf and digest dead neurons.

Postsynaptic potentials are mostly all terminated by_____

This is using the results of studies to create universal laws explaining behavior

Neurons "talk" to one another with _____

A region of the medula that controls vomiting.

_______ is vital in all science-- we must protect the rights of human and non-human animal subjects.

______ are responsible for the structure and function of all living, breathing beings. their production controlled by genes.

Either a neuron fires, or it does not:

Processes and transmits information

A transection of the corpus callosum would be performed to prevent ________

______ affects more than 350,000 people in the USA and 2.5 million worldwide.

(in neurons) This is the cell body; it contains the nucleus

(in neurons) this is the fatty covering on the axon; it lets the impulses transmit faster and more efficiently.

(in neurons) These are the communication limbs; they are the receptors

(in neurons) These secrete neurotransmitters to be sent and recieved by post-synaptic neurons (hint: they are branchy knobs)

There are the nerve cells. They process and transmit information

Neurons are always very close to other neurons but they never touch. Are they contiguous or continuous?

(in neurons) The part of the neuron conveys information. (hint: it is a long cylinder)

Essential molecules which form body structures and drive processes. They make hemoglobin and build cardiac muscle. Synthesized using a genetic code. Made of amino acids.

Genes / DNA make proteins. This kind of DNA is NOT coding for proteins. It accounts for 90% of human DNA.

This is the most abundant glial cell. They wrap around neurons, produce chemicals, and clean up the surrounding environment

These glial cells guide neurons in embryo development

These glial cells are responsible for producing and coating neurons with the myelin sheath in the Central Nervous System (CNS).

These glial cells can provide protection against invasion, control tumors, and support immunity in the Central Nervous System (CNS).

These glial cells are responsible for producing and coating neurons with the myelin sheath in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

This auto immune disease is characterized by the loss of the myelin sheath around neurons, resulting in motor failure. The symptoms may come and go.

Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis includes this medication. It is anti-tumor and anti-viral

This is semi-permiable and produced by cells in the walls of the brain's capillaries. It keeps most harmful chemicals out of the brain

If a neuron is not firing, it is at ___________;
a fully charged firing neuron is at ___________.

These are released from the pre-synapse to the post-synapse.

What are the 2 ways neurotransmitters stop exerting their effects?

These treatment medications affect neurotransmitters in the synaptic gap.

This neurotransmitter is involved in learning, movement, sleeping, etc. a breakdown in their functioning has been shown to be linked to Alzheimer's Disease.

When acetylcholine is no longer needed, it is broken down by this enzyme. In Alzheimer's Treatment, this enzyme is removed to promote acetylcholine

The CNS is made up of what 2 structures?

(in the brain) This is clear, removes waste products, is continually replenished, and softens head trauma.

This part of the body recieves 20% of the hearts bloodflow and cannot store nutrients.

A system of 3 membrane layers that cover the CNS and PNS.

The outermost first layer of the meninges; "tough mother"

This is the middle layer of the meninges; "Spidery"

Cerebral Spinal Fluid flows between what 2 meninges?

This is the third and inner layer of the meninges; "Pious Mother"

Caused by fungus, allergies, and tumors, this is a swelling and irritation of the meninges. It is treatable.

At birth a baby's brain is at what % of the adult max weight?

There are 4 hollow ventricles in the brain for CSF to flow. What happens if the flow is obstructed?

At day 18 in utero, the CNS develops (in the form of the Neural Tube). At day 28 the neural tube closes into 3 chambers (fore,mid,hind). What congenital problem can occur if they do no close?

TRUE/FALSE The environment can affect brain / CNS development.
True False

In animal studies, how do enriched environments and stimulation correlate with brain development?

stereovision is linked with what cognitive ability?

Which of the senses has the ability to regrow functionally related neurons?

1 of 3 parts of the brain, this part is the largest division and controls what we think; "our humanity"

1 of 2, this is the the first part of the forebrain

Within the telencephalon, the cerebral cortex is the "folded" brain material, known as _______

These are indents or grooves in the cerebral cortex

large grooves in the cerebral cortex, specifically the hemisphere division between brain halves

These are raised bulges in the cerebral cortex

This lobe is responsible for executive control (personality, and decision making).

This lobe is responsible for motor control; the perception of tactile senses

This lobe is responsible for language, hearing, and some aspects of mating. (hint: located by the temples).

This lobe is responsible for vision.

What is the color of brain matter that consist of cell bodies? (The soma of the cerebral cortex)

What is the color of brain matter that consist of myelination (the fatty sheath)?

The cerebral cortex processes what 3 senses?

Lateralization: Which hemisphere controls word analysis? Which controls prosody of speech?

The brain hemispheres are connected by what?

This is within the telencephalon; it is a series of interconnections responsible for emotion, memory, and motivation.

This part of the limbic system is responsible for spatial navigation and consolidates memories (STM to LTM). Damage to this part can affect Long term memory.

This part of the limbic system is the "relay station". It processes and relays sensations. It regulates sleep and consciousness as well

This part of the limbic system is responsible for the fight or flight response. If damaged, a persron may have trouble understanding fear in others.

this "bump / belt ridge" is responsible for attention, cognitive control, and self-recognition. Its malfunction is linked to schizophrenia.

This part of the limbic system helps process fear

this part of the limbic system controls movement. It contains 3 parts called the cauda nucleus, putamen, and the globus pallidus.

A movement disorder of the basal ganglia, this is characterized by a slow steady loss of dopamine neurons. (hint: Michael J Fox).

A degenerative movement disorder of the basal ganglia, there is a 50% chance of passing this disease to the children of parents who have it.

This disorder causes abnormal movement in one hemisphere's control.

This is the second major part of the forebrain

This is a relay station of sensations to proper areas of the brain (except olfaction).

This part of the diencephalon is responsible for "the 4 F's": fighting, feeding, fleeing, and reproduction. It is a drive regulator with the pituitary gland.

enchephal means _____

This part of the brain is also called the mesencephalon. it is responsible for eye movement, sleep, attention, and arousal. It is the smallest brain division.

This brain division is separated into the metencephalon and myencephalon. It is responsible for waking, body movement, heart rate and blood pressure.

This consists of the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord

The PNS controls information flow. ____ neurons control info flow towards the CNS;
_____ neurons control info flow away from CNS (to the muscles and glands).

The Peripheral nervous system breaks further into these two nervous systems.

This Nervous System controls sensory information and muscles.

This nervous system controls the heart, glands, and pupils; the automatic processes.

The Anutonomic nervous system breaks down into these two nervous systems.

In the ANS, The _______ nervous system controls fight or flight feelings;
The _______ nervous system controls the rest and digest

another name for piloerection?

This newer defined nervous system controls bowel function.( IBS, ulcers).

The study of effects of drugs on the nervous system.

These are exogenous ("outside" "generated") and work at low doses. Most of these interfere with neuron communicaction.

The study of how drugs pass through the body; the study of the metabolism of drugs.

(in neurons) ________ drugs block synaptic transmissions;
________ drugs facilitate synaptic transmission

intravenous injection IV

intraperitoneal injection IP

intramuscular injection IM

subcutaneous injection SC

_____ causes NE and 5Ht transport systems to run backwards in the brain

The study of how drugs are absorbed

This drug is making a comeback in the Harrisburg area

Administration of a substance into one of the cerebral ventricles.

Drug ___________ is likely a cause of withdrawl

A teaspoon of ____ toxin, an ACh antagonist, is said to have the power to kill everyone in the world

inhibitory of motor neurons, found throughout the CNS, and thought to be in as many as 1/3 of the brain's synapses.

heroin, morphine, and opium are known as _________ and function like endogeonous opiods

The readiness of molecules to interact with cellular molecules.

Prozac, zoloft, and Paxil are all examples of a drug known as a(n)

The neurotransmitter that excites the heart, muscles, urogenital tract and intestines.

if something blocks ACh receptors, it is therefore known as an ......

This blocks reuptake, and is sometimes used as a topical anesthetic.

_______ is a Neurotransmitter heavily involved in the VTA-NA reward pathway

A shortage of __________ is associated with alzheimer's disease

drugs that increase the availability of seratonin 5Ht in the brain ____________ depressive systems

to affect the body, a drug has to reach its ...

nil per os...

Responsible for runners high and orgasms

__________ is a GABA agonist and is likely the most commonly prescribed benzodiazepine in the USA

it is important to remember that drugs are effective at ....

Administration of drug beneath the tounge

Serotonin neurons are concentrated along the midline in the ____________ nuclei of the brain **NOT covered on test #1

injection of a substance directly into a vein

_______ is a dopamine agonist used to treat ADHD

Damage to the ________ lobes make it difficult for people to create mental images of a math problem

because THC facilitates the effects of enodcannaboids, THC is considered an ...

The most commonly used drug in the world is a ____________ antagonist. **might NOT be on test 1? I do not believe this was covered

A series of interconnected structures that serve as the brain's emotional system

Our closest genetic cousin

A fight or flight structure, it helps process fear

controls vegetative processes

weighs about 3 pounds in an adult human

The folded part of our brain, it controls integration, language, and reasoning

Oral administration

administration of a drug into the rectum

this administration is the shortest route and has rapid effects.

B12 absorbtion issues, suffocation, brain damage, and numbness are all side effects of....

whip-its are associated with what gas

administration to the skin

Intracerebral administration

intracerebralventricular

Two factors that determine the rate of drug metabolism

The degree to which molecules can desolve in fat. The more soluble, the faster the metabolism

When drugs disperse, they bind with tissues of the body and proteins of the blood. This means that metabolism is slowed down

The liver and kidneys assist enzymes in doing what to drugs?

Lithium is used to treat what disorder?

drugs have 3 different things:

affinity is

this is secreted by efferent neurons and control muscle movements. Also is Excitatory

THC is thought to treat what ACh disease?

This is used in poison darts to lock up muscle movement and inhibit ACh

The perfect drug

Black widow bites produce a surge in this, producing spasms

Proper term for the botox toxin

used to dialate pupils

ACh

DA

NE

5-Ht

responsible for reward, reinforcemnt, and learing (VTA).

Dopamine is excitatory, inhibitory, or both?

This drug blocks DA reuptake, increasing the availabilty of dopamine in the synapses

Norepinephrine is excitatory, inhibitory, or both?

This neurotransmitter affects arousal, wakefulness, appetite, and sex

LSD affects seratonin 5-Ht levels in an agonist or antagonist way?

affects mood, appetite, pain, arousal, stress, temperature regulation

Ecstacy is the street name for

River toads affect

Psilocybin is also known as

These two neurons are used in information transmitting

PCP is an antagonist or agonist?

GABA is ________;
while Glutamate is __________

Valium is a tranquilizer; it enhances the inhibitory effects of _____

This drug is used to treat moderate to severe panic / anxiety / depression. it is a benzodiazepine