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During the stone age (40K-10K years ago) what was the life style of the people?
People were hunter-gatherers, usually nomadic. Small, isolated sparse groups
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Why is there little evidence of infectious disease during stone age?
- - Difficult to study
- - limited fossil & skeletal remains
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What evidence of infectious disease was found in 17000 year old bison bones?
Using new molecular methods, TB DNA was detected.
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10000 what major shifts would have increased infectious diseases?
Farming, led to settlements where more people lved together. Animals became domesticated (zoonotic).
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What are the two major stone age diseases?
- - Malaria (plasmodium parasite) via insect vector
- - Tuberculosis (mycobacterium tuberculosis)
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What mutation development led to resistance to malaria?
- - Sickle cell anemia
- - other abnormal haemoglobin
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What kind of mutation results in sickle cell anemia?
Point mutation: single base substitution or single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP).
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What are the clinical symptoms of TB?
- Fever, night sweats, cough, blood in sputum
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Why is tuberculosis still a problem today?
There are still vulnerable population, and the development of multiple drug resistance.
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What disease is assumed to have killed Pharaoh Ramses V and prevalent in Ancient Egypt?
Disease similar to smallpox described in papyrus records. The pharaoh has pustules on lower face and neck in mummy form.
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In ancient Greece, Alexander the great to have died from what disease?
Malaria, typhoid and west nile virus. This led to the break up of the empire.
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what condition made the medieval prime for disease in town and cities?
-Overcrowded and poorly ventilated housing; poor sanitation and hygiene; non-existent garbage disposal; rodent infestation; raw untreated sewage; and contaminated water supplies
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What disease swept through medieval europe during 14th century with high mortality rate with approx. 25 million deaths?
The black death - bubonic plague. It causes swollen lymph gland (buboes) large, painful abscesses
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During what era were Beak Doctors present?
During the great plague of London (1665-6)
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What bacteria from rats were transmitted by fleas to humans that caused the plague?
Yersinia Pestis
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Smallpox became to the new world and was a big killer because...
new world population was immunologically naive, which was highly vulnerable to European and African infectious disease
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Cholera arrived in Britain from ...
India
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What are the symptoms of cholera infection?
It is an intestinal infection, where there is profuse watery diarrhea, severe dehydration which can lead to deaths.
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Why is Snow considered the first modern epidemiologist?
Investigated the outbreak by mapping deaths in cholera-afflicted households; tabulated cases and fatalities and examined water specimens using microscope. 1st study to link disease to contaminated water supply
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What did Snow observe about cholera outbreak in London?
approx > 500 deaths in 10 days, and more deaths in households nearest to the water pump in Broad street
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