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Contrast biotic and a-biotic factors
Biotic factors are the factors in an environment that are living. A-biotic factors are non-living.
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List the characteristics of living things
- All living things:
- composed of cells, reproduce, pass genetic info, use and require energy from their surroundings, grow and develope, must maintain a constant internal environment, consists of organic compounds, evolve, respond to environmental stimuli
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Explain the theory of biogenesis
all cells come from pre-existing cells
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Explain the theory of spontaneous generation
theory that life came from non-living things
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Define metabolism
requiring food and energy from surroundings
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Contrast the terms "grow" and "develop"
Grow is to get bigger. Develop is to mature and change.
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Define homeostasis and give several examples
to maintain a constant internal environment. heart rate respiritory rate, sweat
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Define atoms:
smallest unit of matter
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Define molecules:
created when two or more atoms are bonded together
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Define cells
the smallest working unit of life
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Define tissue
a group of cells performing a specific function
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Define Organ
a group of tissues performing the same function
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Define species
A group of living things that interbreed and produce fertile offspring
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Define population
a goup of the same species in a specific area
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Define community
all living things in an area
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Define ecosystem
all living and non-living things in an area
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List the steps of the scientific method in order
- 1 observe and question
- 2 form a hypothesis
- 3 test the hypothesis
- 4 make a conclusion based on the data collected
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Explain what a controlled experiment is. What are controlled variables? What are manipulative variables?
is when you only change one variable in the expeiriment. CV are everthing in the expeiriment that are kept the same. MV is the one thing in the experiment that is changed
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Contrast the terms autotrophic and heterotrophic
auto produces its own food hetero needs to find or get food
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Contrast the terms prokaryotic and eukaryotic
- pro- simple cells no nucleus or organelles
- euk- complex nucleus with organelles
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Contrast the terms multicellular and unicellular
- multi- many cells
- uni- one cell
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Describe some characteristics of the kingdom archaebacteria
uni pro some autotrophic some hetero don't need breathable oxygen live in harsh environments
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Define some characteristics of the kingdom eubacteria
uni, pro, some hetero so autotrophic live pretty much everywhere, can cause human diseise some benifital to life
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Describe some characteristics of the kingdom protista
mostly uni some multi, eukaryotic, aquatic, most diverse kingdom,
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Describe some characteristics of the kingdom fungi
multi, eukaryotic, live on land, hetero obsorb food
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Describe some characteristics of the kingdom plantae
multi, eukaryotic, autotrophic, live mostly on land some in sea, have cell walls and chlorophyll
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Describe some characteristics of the kingdom animalia
multi, euk, hetero, reproduce sexually, do not have cell walls or chorophyll, internal digestion, mobile
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Know your element symbols
Hydrogen-HCarbon-CNitogen-NOxygen-OSodium-NaMagnesium-MgSilicon-SiPhosphorus-PUranium-USulfur-SChlorine-ClPotassium-KCalcuim-CaIron-FeZinc-ZnIodine-IMercury-HgLead-Pb
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Describe the basic structure of any atom.
- nucleus in center nuetrons and protons in nucleus electrons in orbit
- 2-8-8
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Describe what gives an atom its mass (which particles make up the majority of the mass of the atom)
protons, neutrons, and the nucleus
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Define atomic number
is the number of protons in an atom
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Define mass number
is the amount of protons + neutrons in an atom
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Define isotope and be able to determine mass #, atomic #, proton #, neutron # and electron #
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Be able to count atoms in a chemical formula
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Describe how an ionic bond forms
when two atoms want to be like a noble gas and one gives electrons and the other gains electrons leaving an ion
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Describe how a covalent bond forms
when atoms want to be like a noble gas and they share electrons
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Describe how hyrdogen bonds form
because of the polarity the slightly + hydrogen is attracted to the slightly - Oxygen making a hydrogen bond
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Explain why water is a polar molecule
the stronger element in the covalent bond pulls the weaker towards it giving the oxygen a slighly - charge and the hydrogen a slightly + charge
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How do ions form (both positive and negative ions)
ions are formed when atoms lose or gain electrons
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Contrast the terms cohesion and adhesion
- cohesion substance sticking to same substance
- adhesion substance sticking to different substance
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Define suspension
when materials don't dissolve into a substance
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Define solution
when a material does dissolve into the other substance
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What is a solute? What is a solvent?
- solute- gets dissolved
- solvent- does dissolving
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List the four different categories of organic macromolecules and their monomers
- proteins- amino acid
- carbohydrates- sugar
- lipids- fatty acid
- nucleic acid- nucleotide
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Contrast simple sugars and polysaccharides
- simple sugars last a short time
- polysacchireds have longer strand of carbon making the energy last longer.
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Contrast saturated and unsaturated fats
- un has double bonds and less hydrogen and fatty acid
- saturated has fatty acid and long strands of hydrogen
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Describe the chemical structure of any carbohydrate (atoms and ratio)
C,H,O 1:2:1
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Describe some importantces of carbohydrates to living things
give us energy to have metabolism
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Describe some importances of lipids to living things
long term energy storage help make cell walls, and make sex hormones
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Describe some importances of proteins to living things
- they help us grow nails and hair
- structual component of organisms
- act as enzymes speed up reactions in the body
- helps carry oxygen in blood throughout the body
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Describe some importances of nucleic acids to living things
- DNA
- Found in chromosomes
- Controls our traits
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Describe how you would test for the presence of lipids, simple sugars, polysaccharides and proteins in a lab setting
- lipids: place the identified food on paper towel let dry if still translucent it contains lipids
- simple sugars: Put Benidicts solution and the identified food in test tubes and put in hot water bath for 5-10 minutes if it has simpple sugars it turns green or orange or red or yellow
- polysaccharides: put iodine and the identified food in test tubes swirl around if purple then it contains polys
- Protein: Biuret's solution in test tubes with the identified food and swirl around if purple it contains proteins
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organ system
a group of organs performing the same function
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Organism
a living thing made of multiple systems working together to maitain homeostasis
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Biosphere
the part of earth were living things can survive
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