histology tidbits

basic dye that stains DNA/RNA

acid dye that stains non-DNA/non-RNA cell components

EM; fixes cells/tissues using heavy metals

"small organs"

plasmalemma

glycerol conjugated via a phosphate bridge to a nitrogenous compound such as choline, ehtanolamine or serine

adenoreceptor, adenylate cyclase/cAMP system

selectins, integrins, cadherins

"matrix": contains organelles, inclusion bodies, cytoskeletal elements (microT, microF, intF)

inner mem of nuc env has attachment sites for lamins; filamentous prot; maintain shape and integrity of nuc env (cell division)

btw ER and golgi

• btw golgi and surface
• condenses to form vesicles/granules

lysosomes are stored for varying times in osteoclasts/WBC (comparative to secretory granules in other cells)

rapid, continuous; prod do not accumulate w/in cell; few secretory granules

i.e. ECM by fibroblasts

episodic, lots secretory granules

i.e. hormone stim secretion of dig enz from pancreas

enz in lysosome

hydrolytic enz only

aka phagolysosome; primary lysosome + phagosome; has hydrolytic enz and ingested material being lysed

aka residual; multiple vesicles/membranous mat bounded by mem; older/end stage remnants of secondary lysosomes

may contain pigmented mat called lipofuscin (aging pigment), which remains in neurons and cardiac muscle cells

ex of lysosomal storage disease; hexosaminidase A deficiency results in abnormal accumulation of ganglioside

form from sEr and pre-existing peroxisomes; prod H2O2 (toxic to cells) and breaks down H2O2 via catalase

aka peroxisomes

impaired beta oxidation of fatty acids leads to abnormal lipid storage in CNS and adrenal glands; ex of defect in peroxisomal enz

core particle + regulatory particle

non-mem bound in cytoplasm or nuc; DOES NOT include cytoskeletal elements

inclusion body; stores fatty acids as triglycerides (adipose cell, adipocyte)

inclusion body; stores glucose as glycogen (liver cell)

- to +

9x2+2 of cilia/flagella

centrioles assoc w/ g-tubuli which is responsible for microT assembly (nucleation)

outer nuc mem prot; mediates microT dep positioning of nuc w/in cell

inner nuc mem prot

connect to microT via kinesin to the nuc; important in polarized cells w/ specialized functions (i.e. lining columnar cells of SI)

ETC molecules; anything assoc w/ inner mit matrix

inhibits tubulin polym in cancer cells; loss of microT usage in cell division; derived from plant alkaloid

inhibits tubulin polym and therefore inhib leukocyte migration and phagocytosis and inflammation; derived from plant alkaloids

rxs pain and inflammation assoc w/ gouty arthritis

microF are the linking structural support of microvilli to terminal web

microF imp in neutrophil migration to areas of inflammation; defects in microF leads to predisposition to bact infection in diseases such as diabetes mellitus

actin released from dying cells into ECM and general circulation; leads to hepatic necrosis, septic shock, adult respiratory syndrome and prego disorders; leads to general disruption of platelet func and normal vascular flow

aka actin-deactivating factor; binds to actin in circulation and disrupts it; reduces actin to G actin + gelsolin

takes G actin + gelsolin complex and binds it to plasmalemma of hepatocytes which take it up for degradation and excretion

alzheimer's; composed of masses of neurofilaments (intF) aka degenerated neurons; also seen in Down's syndrome brains

• cell migration in embryogenesis
• holding tissues together in adult
• inflammation/wound healing
• tumor metastasis
• signal transmission

"tight junctions"; composed of sealing strands (formed from row of TM prot embedded in both PMs)

zonula occludens prot; anchor tight junctions to intracellular actin (microF)

• hold cells together
• block mvmt of integral mem prot
• prevents passage of mol and ions btw cells

"belt juncitons"; epithelial cells

zonula adherens prot

desmosome, desmoglein, desmocollin

desmosomes are attached to intracellular keratin or desmin filaments

resist shearing forces; in simple and stratified squamous epithelium and muscle tissue

due to misfunctioning desmosomes

blistering disease due to genetic defects in desmosomal prot or autoimmune response

aka gap junction; composed of prot complexes (connexons) btw adjacent cells

p is a nub, 13, 14, 15, 21, 22 chrom

• stalks=secondary constricts, aka NOR
• satellites=chrom distal to stalk

stain banding patterns of chrom

receptor on prot entering nuc pore

reg of cell cycle in nuc; in breast cancer it is in cytoplasm bc mut doesn't allow its transport into nuc; same for p53

integral prot w/in inner nuc mem; member of nuclear lamina-assoc prot family

X-linked inherited degenerative myopathy resulting from mut in emerin gene

• condense DNA
• spindle apparatus
• nuc env breakdown

70% of human cancers

first appear in prophase of mitosis

aka tetrad of four chrom

aka meisosis II

on X and Y chrom; allows pairing bc they are non homologous

aka inactived X chrom

blastocyst stage

growth inhibiting factors to terminate/inhibit cell division; decreases cyclin levels and affects spindle function

involves two acrocentric chrom that fuse near centromeric region w/ loss of short arms...resulting karyotype only has 45 chrom

most common are chrom 13 and 14; phenotypically normal

translocation of 9 and 22; CML results

all three germ layers!

cancer from endothelium and mesothelium

true epithelial cancers

stratified do not have junctional complexes but do have individual cell junctions such as desmosomes

anchoring prot inside epithelial cell that binds to integrins and cytokeratin filaments

increased by microvilli and stereocilia

characteristic of epididymis and proximal vas deferens; not motile

basal side; has lots mit for energy prod

provide chemosensation, thermosensation, and mechanosensation of EC env; non-motile

single cell of exocrine gland

multiple cells of exocrine gland

aka eccrine; exocytosis; i.e. ant pit secretion of TSH

serous, mucous, seromucous

release of secretory inclusions and granules w/ small amt of apical cytoplasm and cell mem; i.e. mammary gland secretion of lipids in milk prod

secretory prod retained w/in cell which dies; then entire cell w/ prod is released