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What was nursing like in late 1800s to early 1900s?
- Education by MDs
- No nursing curricula/texts - focus on tasks, taught special diseases
- Practice - task-oriented; submissive - obedient to MDs
- Apprenticeship model
- Exploited as cheap labor
- Medical model - focus on cure and treatment
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What forces drove increasing development of nursing knowledge?
- Nursing shortage after WWII
- Report illustrating poor nursing and physician education in U.S. --> development of nursing curricula
- Yale University established nursing school
- Esther Brown, PhD - recommended formal nurse training outside of hospitals; in universities
- Hill-Burton Act - established more hospitals
- By 1949, 41 states required nursing licensure and registration
- 1956 - grant for graduate nursing education
- University of Pittsburgh established nursing doctoral program
- Establishment of professional nursing organizations
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How did these forces influence nursing theory development?
- Nursing scholars began debating ideas, viewpoints, and research methods in nurse literature
- Nurses began questions ideas previously taken for granted
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What are the 5 Stages of Nursing Theory Development?
- Silent Knowledge
- Received Knowledge
- Subjective Knowledge
- Procedural Knowledge
- Constructed Knowledge
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Silent Knowledge
- Minimal theory and research
- Blind acceptance; non-questioning
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Received Knowledge
- Borrowed theory
- Research - educational, sociological
- Learn through listening
- Nurse licensure and registration
- Nurse shortage
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Subjective Knowledge
- Revolution - defined nature of nursing practice and theory development
- Nursing models - defined from practice and ideal nursing perception
- Theory - relationship of nurse and health
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Procedural Knowledge
- Nursing = Scientific Discipline
- Curriculum = conceptual framework
- Theory - under-emphasized; focus on procedures to acquire knowledge
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Constructed Knowledge
- Recognition of different types of knowledge - intuition, reason, self-knowledge
- Nursing theory:
- Empirical knowledge
- Literature
- Patient report
- Nurse intuition
- Related knowledge
- Theory development:
- Evidence-based practice
- Application of nursing process
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