-
What are the specialties in physiology?
cellular, organ, systemic, pathological
-
What is autoregulation of homeostasis?
- inside body
- automatically adjusts to enviro changes
- sweating in 106o weather
-
What is extrinsic regulation of homeostasis?
- stimulation by endocrine or nervous system
- exercise
-
What are the homestatic regulatory mechanisms?
- variable: (something that changes)
- receptor: (a sensor)
- control center: ( receive & process info then sends it out)
- effector: (responds to signal received)
- set point: ( desired value/range)
-
What is negative feedback?
reverses a stimulus
-
What is positive feedback?
enhances orig stimulus
-
What are the 5 things of cell theory?
- cells are building blocks
- cells come from pre-existing cells
- fund unit of structure
- same in chemical comp
- maintains homeostasis @ cellular level
-
What is extracellular/interstitial fluid?
water median outside the cell
-
What is cytoplasm/ cytosol/ organelles?
- cytoplasm: all contents in the cell
- cytosol: liquid in the cell
- organelles: all structures in the cell
-
What is the plasma membrane? & its primary functions?
- outer boundary of the cell
- protection
- structural support
- semi-permiable
- physical seperation
- sensitivity to environment
-
Define: phospholipid bilayer
2 layers of phospholipids
-
What are phospholipids?
- hydrophilic phosphorus head on outside & inside of cell
- hydrophobic tails on inside of plasma membrane
-
Define: integral proteins
- part of membrane structure
- not easily removed w/o causing damage
-
Define: peripheral
- bound to inner or outer surface of membrane
- easily seperated
-
Define: anchoring proteins
attach plasma membrane to other structures & stabilize its position
-
Define: recognition proteins (identifiers)
cells of immune system identify other cells as normal or abnormal
-
Define: enzymes
increases reactions in the body
-
Define: receptor proteins
sensitive to specific ions & hormones
-
Define: carrier proteins
bind solutes & transport them across the plasma membrane
-
Define: channel proteins
allow substances to cross from one side to another
-
Give the structure and function of the cytoskeleton
- internal structure of cell, filament & tubules
- support, strength, flexibility
manuf warehouse - walls
-
Give the structure and function of the microvilli
- fingerlike extensions of cell membrane
- increase surface area of cell
in factory - increase # of workers, more work will get done
-
Give the structure and function of the centrioles
- short cylindrical structures of microtubules, in a pair, 2 pairs per cell
- in cellular division - produce spindle fibers
-
Give the structure and function of the centrosome
- cytoplasm surrounding centrioles
- helps in movements of chromosomes in cellular division
-
Give the structure and function of the cilia
- hairlike extensions on outer surface of cell
- help move material across outer surface
- move debris
conveyor belts in factory
-
Give the structure and function of the ribosomes
- 2 subunits - lg & sm, scattered throughout cytoplasm, roaming, some fixed on ER
- protein synthesis (make protein)
-
Give the structure and function of the proteasomes
- protein & digestive enzymes
- remove & recycle old damaged proteins
-
Give the structure and function of the Rough endoplasmic reticulum
- ribsosomes on outside network of channels
- modify & package proteins together
post office (sort & distribute)
-
Give the structure and function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- smooth surface (no ribosomes) network of channels in cytoplasm
- lipid & carbohydrate synthesis, hormones, synthesize & store glycerides & glycogen
-
Give the structure and function of the golgi apparatus
- 5-6 stacks of flattened membraneous structures
- transport proteins from ER & sends toother areas where needed
- membrane renewal\
FedEX truck - transporting pkgs
-
Give the structure and function of the lysosome
- vesicle that contains powerful digesting enzymes
- intracellular digestion (cleans up old organelles)
trash collector
-
Give the structure and function of the peroxisome
- vesicles containing digestive enzymes
- break down fatty acids, organic compounds, neutralize toxic chemicals, free radicals
hazmat crew
-
Give the structure and function of the mitochondria
- 2 membranes, folded inner membrane
- energy production
- ATP is produced here
electrial outlet
-
Give the structure and function of the nucleus
- largest structure in the cell, double membrane, DNA
- control center
boss of warehouse
-
Give the structure and function of the nucleolus
- dense region, RNA, enzymes & proteins
- ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis, assembly of ribosomes
factory for ribosomal prod
-
What is protein synthesis?
assembling of functional polypeptides in the cytoplasm
-
Define: permeability
property of cell
-
Define: impermeable
nothings moving; nothing can pass
-
Define: freely permeable
anything can pass
-
Define: selectively permeable
selective things can pass through
-
What is the passive process?
door is open, easy to get across membrane
-
What is the active process?
door is closed, use ATP to get across membrane
-
Define: diffusion
movement of high concentration to low concentration solutes
-
What are the factors that affect the rate of diffusion?
- distance- shorter the faster rate of diff
- temp- higher temp faster diff
- size- smaller faster diff
- gradient size- lg gradient faster diff
- electrical forces- oppo forces diffuse faster
-
What material diffuse across a cell membrane?
-
What is simple diffusion?
alcohol, fatty acids, steroids, oxygen, carbon dioxide, fat soluble drugs easily diffuse across membrane
-
What is channel-mediated diffusion?
- water can pass through a channel easily
- ions may pass through depending on size etc
-
What is osmosis?
- movement of water
- low concent to high concent
-
__________ & ________ fluids are solutions that contain a variety of dissolved materials.
- intracellular
- extracellular
-
In osmosis the membrane is ___________ permeable. _________permeable to water but not freely permeable to solutes.
-
In osmosis, water passively diffuses ________ the solution with higher concentration of solutes , b/c that's where the concentration of water is lower.
towards
-
Define: osmotic pressure
force of osmotic water movement
-
Define: hydrostatic pressure
fluid pressure
-
Define: carrier mediated transport
any substance that can't possibly diffuse
-
What are the characteristics of carrier mediated transport?
- specificity- carry only specific functions
- saturation llimits- availability
- regulation- binding of molecules, hormones
-
Most carrier proteins can only carry one type of molecule/ion across the membrane, but there are some exceptions: .... they are
- cotransport (transports 2 diff subst in same dir)
- counter transport (1 subst in, 1 moving out)
-
Define: facilitated diffusion
movement of substance across plasma membrane by means of a carrier protein
-
Define: active transport
requires energy (ATP) to move substance across
-
Define: sodium potassium exchange pump
- homeostasis within the cell depends on the ejection of sodium ions and the recapture of lost potassium ions
- need ATP
-
Define: secondary active transport
- move substrate across concentration gradient
- (dont need ATP)
-
define: vesicular transport (bulk transport)
allows material to move in and out of cells but must be transported in a vesicle
-
What is endocytosis?
materials pkg & move into the cell
-
In endocytosis what is receptor-mediated?
bringing specific substances into the cell
-
In endocytosis what is pinocytosis "cell drinking"?
bringing in extracellular fluid
-
In endocytosis what is phagocytosis "cell eating"?
engulfing large particles from outside to inside
-
Define: exocytosis
going out of cell
-
What is transmembrane potential?
- potential differences across a plasma membrane
- in mV
-
What is resting membrane potential?
the transmembrane potential of a normal cell under homeostasis
-
What is the role of the plasma membrane?
- acts as a dam
- keeps oppo charges away from each other
-
In interphase what is G0?
cell is at rest
-
In interphase what is G1?
prepare for division
-
In interphase what is S?
chromosomes duplicate
-
In interphase what is G2?
double checking
-
What is mitosis?
dividing of chromosomes
-
What happens in prophase?
- centrioles produce spindle fibers
- nuclear envelope disappers
- chromosomes floating around
-
What happens in Metaphase?
chromosomes line up at the middle
-
What happens in anaphase?
splitting apart of chromosomes
-
What happens in telophase?
- chromosomes condense
- new nuclear envelope (2 nuclei)
- end of mitosis
-
What happens in cytokinesis?
seperation of 2 daughter cells
-
What are the 6 functions of the skin?
- protection (underlying tissues,organs)
- body temp reg ( insulation, release heat)
- cutaneous sensations (touch pressure, pain)
- vit D synthesis (calcium metab)
- excretion (salts & water)
- storage of lipids ( insulation, protection)
-
What is the cutaneous membrane?
skin : -epidermis & dermis
-
What is the hypodermis?
- subcutaneous layer
- fatty layer of skin
- anchors skin to body
- energy reserve
- insulator
-
What are the 4 cells in the epidermis?
- keratinocytes ( body most abund epith cell, sev layers, lg amts of keratin)
- melanocytes (produce pigment melanin)
- merkel cells (tactile cells, translate sensory resposes)
- langerhan's cells ( participate in immune response)
-
What is thick skin vs thin skin?
- thick - palms & soles, 5 layers thick
- thin- covers most of body, 4 layers
-
What is stratum germinativum (basale)?
- very bottom layer
- 1 single layer of cells
- does mitosis regularly
-
What are epidermal ridges and dermal papillae?
- ridges and vallies found in thick skin
- fingerprints & foot prints
-
What is the stratum spinosum?
- 8-10 layers thick
- begins to shrink a little
- still dividing a little
-
What is the stratum granulosum?
- 3-5 layers
- stopped dividing
- produces lots of keratin
- cells cont to shrink
- nuclei & organelles begin to die
- (last place you'll see anything living)
-
What is the stratum luacidum?
- flattened, densely packed
- thick skin only
-
What is the stratum corneum?
- 15-30 layers
- dead, calcified, flake off
- 75% of epidermis thickness
- water-proofing system
- act as protective layer
-
What is the dermis?
- strong, flexible connec tissue
- blood vessels
- nerve fibers
-
What are the 2 layers of the dermis? Explain each.
- papillary (capillaries, lymphatics, sensory neurons that supply surface of skin)
- reticular (deep to papillary, roots, hairs, thick)
-
What is the dermal strength and elasticity?
collagen (strength) and elastic fibers (elasticity)
-
Water content in the skin helps maintain its ___________ and _________. Known as "skin tugor".
-
Aging, horomones and UV radiation, damage ______ in the dermis, resulting in _________.
-
What is Dermatitis?
- inflammation of the dermis
- primarily involves the papillary layer
-
What is melanin?
brown, yellow-brown or black pigment
-
Racial differences in melanin production is caused by:
color and amt of melanin produced
-
Freckles are:
patches of accumulated melanin
-
The effect of UV lights on melanin production increases melanin production & makes skin _________ to prevent UV light from entering the body.
darker
-
What is carotene?
- orange-yellow pigment
- usually in fair skinned indiv
- hypodermis
-
What is hemoglobin?
- reddish pigment
- related to blood
-
What is cyanosis?
- blue/purple
- reductions in blood supply
- lips, nail beds
-
What is pallor?
- pale
- lack of reddish skin tone
- anemia, inadq blood flow
- lips, nail beds, pink part of eye
-
What is Jaundice?
- yellow
- live is not excreting enough bile
- often found in babies
- whites of eyes, skin
-
What is bronzing (addison's disease or tumor of pituitary glands)?
- skin darkens
- melanocytes stimulating hormone excreted in excess
- produces more melanin
-
What is the function of hair?
- sensory stimulation
- protection
- insulation
- filtration (catching debris)
-
What are the structures of the hair?
- shaft (part you can see)
- root ( anchors hair down in dermis)
- hair bulb (onion shape base)
- papilla (point or very bottom of hair bulb)
- matix (reproduces hair)
-
What is the arrector pili muscles?
- causes hair to stand on end
- goosebumps
-
What is the root hair plexus?
sensory nerves that allow you to feel things before thye reach your skin
-
What are vellus hairs? (peach fuzz)
- covers main part of body
- armpit, pubic area until puberty
-
What are terminal hairs?
- heavy, more deeply pigmented, sometimes curly, course
- head, eyelashes, eyebrows, pubic hair, legs, arms, armpits,
-
What is club hair?
end of growth cycle, follicle becomes inactive and stops growing
-
Define: alopecia
partial/complete lack of hair
-
What are other causes of hair loss?
- stress
- fever
- surgery
- emotional trauma
- drugs
- dietray factors
- radiation
- hormonal factors
-
What are sebaceous (oil) glands?
- everywhere on body but palms and soles (everywhere theres a hair)
- secretes: sebum
- softens skin, moisturizes hair, prevents water loss, inhinit bacteria growth
- not assoc w/ hair, face, chest, neck, back
- secrete on surface of skin
-
What is cradle cap/dandruff?
- overactive oil glands
- inflammation
- dried up oil that flakes off
-
What are apocrine sweat glands?
- located: armpits, groin
- secrete into a hair follicle
- sticky, cloudy, pot odorus
- good nutrient source for bacteria
- stimulated by sex hormones, sex
-
What are merocrine sweat glands?
- located: palms, soles, forehead
- secretes on surface of skin
- mostly water and some NaCl
- thermoregulation
-
What are cereminous glands?
- passageway of external ear
- produces earwax
-
What are the structures of the nail?
- nail body (visible portion)
- nail bed (area of epidermis nail body covers)
- nail root ( not visible, near bone)
- lunula ( pale cresent @ bottom on nail)
- eponychium (cuticle)
|
|
