Pathology 4

• Any abnormal increase in interstitial fluid
• ex. hydrothorax, hydropericardium

• Edema in the peritoneum
• aka hydroperitoneum

Severe and generalized edema with widespread subcutaneous tissue swelling

• Transudate is protein-poor
• Exudate is protein-rich

Left ventricular failure

• Active process of arteriolar dilation
• Results in increased blood flow

State resulting from reduced outflow of blood from a tissue

Formation of a thrombus within an intact vessel

• Endothelium-derived prostaglandin
• Inhibits platelet aggregation
• Potent vasodilator

• Platelet-derived prostaglandin
• Activates platelet aggregation
• Vasoconstrictor

• Product of the coagulation cascade
• Converts fibrinogen to fibrin

• Abnormalities that lead to thrombus formation:
• 1. Endothelial injury
• 2. Statis or turbulent bloow flow
• 3. Hypercoagulability of the blood

• Mutation in the antithrombotic factor V
• Increased risk for thrombosis

• Antibodies created in response to unfractionated heparin administration
• Antibodies react with heparin-like molecules
• Activation and aggregation of platelets results

• Dislodgement of the thrombus
• Travels to other sites in vasculature

• Destruction of a thrombus
• Via fibrinolysis

• Venous thrombosis
• Most significant is DVT - often embolize

Widespread activation of the coagulation cascade and fibrin thrombi formation in microcirculation

• Pulmonary embolism
• Systemic thromboembolism
• Fat and marrow embolism
• Air embolism
• Amniotic fluid embolism

• Cardiogenic shock
• Hypovolemic shock
• Septic shock
• Other: Neurogenic shock, Anaphylactic shock

• Nonprogressive Stage - compensatory mechanisms maintain perfusion
• Progressive Stage - Tissue hypoperfution
• Irreversible Stage - Massive cellular and tissue injury