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What is ecology?
the study of how organism interact with their environment
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The primary goal of ecology
to understand the distribution and abundance of organisms
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in ecology researchers work at four main levels
- 1.organisms
- 2.populations
- 3.Communities
- 4.ecosystems
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Organismal ecology
- -How do individuals interact with each other abd their physical environment?
- 1.morphological
- 2.physiological
- 3.behavioral adaptions that allow individuals to live in a particular area
- ex. salmon migrate from salt water to fresh water environment to breed
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Population ecology
- -How and why does population change over time?
- -focus how the numbers of individuals in a population change over time
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Communtiy ecology
- -How do species interact, and what are the consequences?
- -species that interact with each other within a particualr area
- -ask questions about the nature of interaction between species and the consequences of those interactionsex. salmon are prey as well as predators
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Ecosystem
-How do energy and nutrients cycle through the environemt?
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Conservation biology
-the effort to study, reserve, and restore threatened populations, communities and ecosystems
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Factors that affect the distribution and abundance of organisms in fresh and salt water:
- 1.nutrient availability
- 2.Water depth
- 3.Water movement
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Ocean Upwelling
- - as the surface water moves away form the coast, it is steadily replaced by water moving up from the ocean bottom
- -Nutrient rich
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Lake turnover
- -bodies of water higher altitudes undergo changes known as spring and fall turnovers-occur in response to changes in air temperature
- -Spring:Brings nutrients from the bottom to the top
- -Fall:Brings oxygen-rich water from surface to bottom
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wetlands
- -shallow water habitats where soil is staurated with water for at least part of the year
- Different from lakes:
- -shallow water-emergent vegetation: plants that grow above the surface
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_____water holds more oxygen than ____does
cold water holds more oxygen than warm does
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slow-moving streams are_________but have_________
slow-moving streams are more nutrient rich but have less oxygen
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Near source water is ______
Near source water is fast, cold, nutrient poor, high in 02
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water slows down and becomes_______
Later, water slows down, becomes warmer, more nutrient rich, lower 02
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Estuaries
- form where rivers meet the ocean, fresh water mixes with salt water
- -nutrient rich: nutrients are constantly replenished
- -among the most roductive environments on earth
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Intertidal zone
rocky, snady, or mudy beach that is exposed to the air at low tide but submerged at high tide
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Net primary productivity
the total amount of carbon that is fixed per year minus the amount that is oxidized during cellular respiration
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N represents
represents the organic matter that is availbale as food for other organisms
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fixed carbon that is consumed in cellular respiration provides_____________ but not ___________
fixed carbon that is consumed in cellular respiration provides energy for organisms but not used for growth
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Tropical wet forests
- -aka tropical rain forest
- -plants have broad leaves, evergreen
- -epiphytes:plants that grow entirely on other plants
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where do high levels of precipitation occur?
along the equator
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Hadley cell
a major cycle in global air circulation
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where do rain shadows exists?
- -the region beyond a moutain range that recieves dry air masses
- Ex.Death valley
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a region recieves less than 5cm(2in) of precipitation annually and has temperatures that never drop below freezing. which type of biome is present?
-subtropical desert
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The littoral zone of a lake is most similar to____
to the intertidal zone
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where are oxygen levels highest and nutrient levels lowest in a stream?
near its source
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why are mountaintops cold eventhough they are closer to the sun?
-as air rises , it expands, this cools the air
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The most common approach used by biologists to identify and characterize climatic regimes is to analyze
-the area's average annual temperature and precipitation, as well as the annula variations in temperature and precipitation
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what aspects of a regions's climate have the most impact on plants and animals?
-temperature and moisture
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what zone is found only in freshwater environments?
-littoral zone
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How do ecology and conservation efforts interact?
- 1.Theoretical ecology: more theoretical, mainly predictions
- 2.Applied ecology
- a.conservational biology
- b.wildlife management biology
- -deer and ticks(with lyme disease)=allow hunters to kill deers to eliminate spreading of the disease
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aquatic ecosystem
- 1. 70% of earth s water
- 2.Photic zone-upper ocean level
- 3.Benthic zone: bottom level, above hydrovent
- 4.Intertidal: where waves hit sand
- 5.estuaries: ocean water meets fresh water
- 6.Freshwater: lakes and streams
- 7.Pelagic: open ocean, sharks and whales
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El nino
- 1.Normally water goes east to west and it causes cold/nutrient rich water to come up
- 2.during abnormal phase, water goes west to east and the hot water goes down but the cold water does not come up causeing drought conditions
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Estuaries are
- 1.Good refuge for many animals
- 2.But can be stressful place to live because part of the day you will be living in slatwater and in groundwater part of the day
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Precipitations is the ________for all aquatic ecoystmes
starting point
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1st order stream
stream created by rainfall
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2nd order stream
two 1st order streams combined
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Does daylight savings happen near the equator?
no, because changes in length of day size
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Terrestial:Boreal forests
- Extreme changes in condition, severe winter=harsh conditons+decreased biodiversity
- -discontinued growth(only grow in summer)
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Deserts and why they are found at 30s and why they are found at 30S and 30N
- 1..Hadley cells
- 2.Hot air can hold moisture so it goes up, becomes cold and cant hold moisture and rains
- 3.Then it goes either north 30 degrees or south 30 degrees
- 4.Then it is not moisture for the cold air to pick up=desert
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Feral pigs
- -Omnivores
- -destroyed everything
- -invasive
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