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Enchinoderm
- -Enchindomata1."spiny-skins"
- 2.Pentaradial symmetric
- 3.Water vascular system
- 4.exclusively marine
- 5.Endoskeleton
- 6.Tube feet:part of the vascualr system, are elongated fluid-filled appendages
- -podia:"feet" sections of the tube feet that project outside the body and make contact with substrate
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echinoderm larvae are ______symmetric
bilaterally
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How do echinoderms feed?
- -suspension feeding, deposit feeding, or harvesting algae
- -podia play a key role in feeding
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Synapmorphies
- 1.radial symmetry in adults,
- 2. an endoskeleton of calcium carbonate
- 3.water vascualr system
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Key Lineages of Echinoderms
- 1.feather stars and sea lilies(Most primitive group)
- 2.sea stars
- 3.brittle stars and basket stars
- 4. sea urchins and sand dollars
- 5. sea cucumbers
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What is a Chordate?
- 1.openings into the throat called pharyngeal gill slits
- 2.a dorsal hollow nerve cord that runs the length of the body;coordinate muscle movement
- 3.notochord;stiffens the muscualr tail
- 4.muscular post anal tail
- -together creating a "torpedo", fast swimming animal
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Sub Phyla of Chordates
- 1.Cephalochordates
- 2.Urochordates
- 3.Vertebrates
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Cephalochordates
-AKA lancelets
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Urochordates
- -Chordata-AKA Tunicates
- -start to lose their notochord and dorsal hollow nerve cord as adults
- -salps:live in open water
- -pharyngeal gill slits to suspension feed
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Vertebrate body plan
- -spinal chord instead of dorsal hollow nerve cord
- -pharyngeal pouches instead of pharyngeal gill slits
- -notochord helps organize the body plan
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What is a vertebrate?
- distinguished by two synapmorphies:
- 1.vertebrae:column of cartilaginous or bony structures
- 2.a cranium:a bony case that encloses the brain
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Brain regions
- 1.forebrain:housing the sense of smell
- 2.midbrain:associated with vision
- 3.Hindbrain:responsible for balance and, in some species hearing
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Cartilage
Strong, flexible tissue found in ear and nose
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Evolution of Vertebrate
- when bone first evolved it was deposited in scale like plates that formed an exoskeleton
- 1.Jaws
- 2.Bony endoskeleton
- 3.Limbs capable of moving on land
- 4. amniotic egg
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Tunicates are the closest living relatives to _______
Vertebrates
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Grade
fishy organism form a grade;a sequence of lineages that are paraphyletic
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What are the most species-rich and ecologically diverse lineages among vertebrates?
Ray finned fishes and tetrapods
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The radiation of ray-finned fishes was triggered by the _______
Evolution of the jaw
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What triggered tetrapod diversification?
involved the ability to move and get food, not to bite it and process it
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Mammals
- Chordata:Vertebrae:Mammalia
- -All mammals have mammary glands
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Species that produce amniotic eggs lay them where?
outside of water
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Mammalian Lineages
- 1.Monotremes:Lay eggs
- 2.marsupials: well developed pouch
- 3.Placental or eutherians: well developed placenta and extended pregnancy
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Mammalia:Montremata
- -have leathery beak
- Ex.Platypuses and Echidnas
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Mammalia:Marsupials
- Ex.Kangaroos, Koala
- -short embryonic period
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Mammalia:Eutheria
- -most species rich and morphologically diverse group of mammals
- Ex.rodents, moles,pigs, deer, dogs, bears, cats, primates, humans
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Reptiles
- Chordata:Vertebrae:Reptilla
- adaptations to land:
- 1.scales
- 2.well developed lungs
- 3.Amniotic eggs
- -snakes=tetrapods, lost legs later on
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Reptilla Lingeages
- 1.lizards and snakes(Lepidosauria)
- 2.turtles
- 3.crocidiles and alligators
- 4.birds (Aves)
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Caecillians
Legless amphibians
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what is the echinoderm endoskeleton made of?
Calcium carbonate
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what are the diagnostic traits of vertebrates?
-Vertebrae and cranium
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why are pharyngeal jaws found in many ray-finned fishes important?
-They help process food
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What lineages make up the living Amniota?
-Reptiles and mammals
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What is the relationship between the dorsal hollow nerve cord and the spinal cord?
-The spinal cord is a type of dorsal hollow nerve cord
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The bone in early vertebrates formed an______
exoskeleton that served as protection for the organism
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what allows females to produce a small number of large, well-developed offspring?
viviparity and the evolution of the placenta
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deuterostomes that is most likely to be found in nature?
-Ectotherm that has a swim bladder and protrusible jaws, and carries out external fertilizzation
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What pair of features is possessed by all vertebrates at some point in thier life?
Tail and cranium
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all deuterostomes are
- 1.have coelom
- 2.triploblastic
- 3.similar pattern of early embryonic development
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Three classes of fish(Chordates)
- 1.Agnatha
- 2.Chrondrichthyes
- 3.osteichthyes
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Example of Agnatha
-jawless fish Hagfish and Lampreys
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Example of chondrichthyes
- -cartilaginous fish
- -most diverse group of vertebrates
- -Mudskipper: fish that likes being on land
- -Nurse shark, chimaera, rays
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osteichthyes
- -Bony fish-most diverse group of vertebrae
- Ex. mudskipper
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Amphibians
- 1.first group with limbs(tetrapods)
- 2.Require water for reproduction;do not have amniotic sac
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