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Name the reactant and product, and any co factors: aconitase?
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Name the reactant and product, and any cofactors for isocitrate dehydrogenase?
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Name the reactant product and any cofactos for alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
- Part of TCA cycle
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Show the step in TCA cycle of substrate-level phosphorylation.
- Nucleotide diphosphate kinase leads to ATP production from GTP.
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Name the products, reactants, and cofactors involved in succinate dehydrogenase.
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You hydrate furmate to form what molecule?
- Malate
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Name the products, reactants, and cofactors for enzyme malate dehydrogenase.
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What is the main regulating enzyme for the TCA cycle?
- PDH
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What happens to PDH in a state of starvation?
PDH Kinase increases, which deactivates PDH. This shuts down gylcolysis and prevents oxidation of pyruvate to CO2.
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In what cell types are PDH Kinase activated?
Activated in tumor cells.
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In what type of cells are PDH Phosphatase activated
- Activated in insulin cells in liver adipose.
- Inactivated by NADH.
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Isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase are inhibited by what?
- Inhibited by increase in ATP and increase in NADH.
- This means that there is an increase in citrate, which inhibits PFK (shuts off gylcolysis).
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What are the reactions that replenish OAA?
- pyruvate carboxylase
- PEPCKase (cofactor GDP and CO2 added)
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What is the reaction that replenishes malate?
- Reverse reaction:
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What is oxidative phosporylation?
- It is the syntheiss of ATP powered by re-oxidation of NADH or FADH2.
- Major source of ATP synthesis.
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Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?
In the mitochondria matrix and inner mitochondria membrane.
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What are the two phases of oxidative phosphorylation?
- Oxidative phase: refers to NADH and FADH2 oxidized to H2O.
- Phosphorylation phase: refers to ATP synthesis
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What is redox potiental mean?
Is the measure of how strongly compound wants an electron.
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Define what an oxidizing agent and reducing agent is.
- Oxidizing agent: accept electrons and are reduced in a redox reaction.
- Reducing agent: donates electrons and is oxidized in a redox reaction.
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The tendency for a reactant to be oxidized or reduced is found through its reducation potiental E. Write the equation that shows the relation of delta G and delta E to show the spontaneous direction of a reaction.
deltaG^o= -nF(deltaE^o)
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What is Faraday's constant value?
96,500 J/Vxmol
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How do you calculate delta E^o?
delta E^o= oxidizing agent - reducing agent
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What is a rough drawing of the electron transport chain look like?
- Remember that in the intermembrane fatty acyl dehydrogenase and glycerophosphate dehydrogenase donate 2e- to UQ/UQH2 through FADH2.
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What are the four electron enterance points in electron transport chain?
- Complex I: NADH CoQ reductase
- Complex II: Succinate Dehydrogenase, and succinate-CoQ reductase
- Fatty acyl dehydrogenase
- Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase
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What is the reaction of quinone to quniol (which shows the transfer of electrons to CoQ)?
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What is the involvment of Fe in complex I of the electron transport chain? Can Fe-S form clusters?
- Fe Center is Fe II tranfered to Fe III
- Fe-S forms clusters of cubes.
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Are electrons in contact during electron chain transport?
- No. Electrons hop from one site to another. Hopping rate is inversely proportional to distances (depends on environment).
- Electrons transfer fast and further in protein.
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How many H+ are transferred per NADH across the membrane? Show the breakdown of complexes.
- Complex I: 4 H+
- Complex II: 0 H+
- Complex III: 2 H+
- Complex IV: 4 H+
- Total: 10 H+ transferred.
- This generates about 1 pH unit gradient across the inner membrane.
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What is the enzyme between complex III and IV that leads to O2 reducation in complex IV?
- Cytochrome C. oxidase.
- This leads to 1/2 O2 -> H2O
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What does the Chemiosmotic theory state?
- This was developed by Peter Mitchell.
- This describes ATP synthesis by way of H+ coupling. This usually involves F1F0 ATPase.
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What is the protein structure of F1F0 ATPase?
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What is the conformational Coupling Model?
- Paul Boyer created it.
- H+ enters through the a,b subunits. This causes C subunit to rotate.
- Sigma causes ATPase to rotate in one direction..
- Have three forms: L, T, and O.
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What is the ATPase mechnism look like?
- L= low affinity for ADP
- T= high affinity for ATP
- O= open structure; waiting for ADP + Pi to come in.
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What are the inhibitors for each complex?
- Complex I: rotenone (plant defense molecule), and demerol (anti-depressent).
- Complex II: carboxin (herbicide)
- Complex III: antimycin (fungal defense)
- Complex IV: well-known posions= CO, N3, CN (block e- transport to O2)
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What is the function of uncouplers to ATPase?
Uncouplers are compounds that dissipate H+ gradient prior to F1F0 ATPase.
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What are examples of uncouplers in ATPase?
- Aspirin: reduces ATP yeild from e- transport.
- Native uncouplers are: thermogenin, and UCP 1, 2, and 3.
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ATP/ADP translocase is what type of enzyme, and what is its role?
- It is an antiporter.
- Leads ADP in intermembrane space into matrix; ATP in matrix into intermembrance space (ims).
- This also affects the membrane potiental.
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What are the ATP yields for NADH and FADH2?
- NADH= 3 ATP (2.5 experimentally)
- FADH2= 2 ATP (1.5 experimentally)
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What is the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?
- PPP uses glucose to generate reducin equivalents for anabolic reactions.
- Convert glucose in the ribose for nucleic acids.
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What is anabolism?
It is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units. Requires energy.
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What is catabolism?
It is the set of pathways that break down molecules into smaller units and release energy.
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Where does PPP take place?
- Adipose tissue; mammary tissue.
- testes
- red blood cells
- liver
- cytoplasm
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What are the two phases of Pentose Phosphate Pathway?
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What are the oxidative reactions?
- 1. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- 2. gluconolactonase
- 3. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
- 4. phosphopentose isomerase
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What is the product, reactant, and cofactors for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase?
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What is the product, reactant, and cofactors for gluconolactonase?
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What is the product, reactant, and cofactors for enzyme 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase?
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What is the product reactant, and cofactors for enzyme phosphopentose isomerase?
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What is the net reaction for PPP oxidative phase?
G6P (2NADP+) -> (2NADPH + H+) R5P + CO2
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What is the positive of oxidative PPP? negative?
- Positive- cell needs lots of NADPH and ribose.
- Negative- We need more NADPH, so what we do with excess R5P?
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What are the non-oxidative PPP enzymes used?
- 1. phosphopentose epimerase
- 2. transketolase
- 3. SU7P + G3P -> E4P + F6P
- 4. transketolase
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What is the committed step of Pentose Phosphate Pathway?
Gylcose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) by NADP+
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What does lots of ribose do?
Need lots of ribose to make DNA. Especially in rapidly divind cells.
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What happens to PPP when no NADPH there?
- G6P to F6P to F-1,6-bP to DHAP and G3P.
- DHAP, G3P, and F6P can be made into ribose.
- Ribose then produce more DNA, RNA, and ATP.
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What happens if you have lots of NADPH but no ribose?
- G6P forms Ru5P and CO2. Converts to R5P which then can convert to F6P and G3P.
- These make G6P through gluconeogenesis.
- 1 G6P makes 12 NADPH + 6 CO2 and is active in adipocytes.
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