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The tunica media is responsible for _________________ and vasodilation
Vasoconstriction
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The femoral artery is an extension of which artery in the abdomen?
External iliac artery
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Where is most of the blood pooled in the body?
Veins and Venules
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Which vessel supplies blood to the liver.
Hepatic artery
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What is a DVT? How can it be prevented?
Deep vein thrombosis, prevented by early ambulation
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The most important form of capillary exchange is___________________.
Simple Diffusion
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What is colloid osmotic pressure?
The force that attracts water to the capillaries from the interstitial fluid
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What is filtration?
A force that is driven by hydrostatic pressure from the heart that causes fluids and electrolytes to leave the capillaries and enter the interstitial space
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What is cardiac output?
The amount of blood that exits the blood per minute
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What factors increase systemic vascular resistance?
Increase in viscosity of blood, in arterial constriction, and increase length of vessel
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The cardiac integrating center is located in the __________ ___________.
Medulla Oblongata
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What’s the most common pathology of the cardiovascular system?
Hypertension
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What is the relationship between ANP and blood pressure?
Atrial-natriuretic peptide lowers BP if volume is too high
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The artery behind the knee is called ________________.
Popliteal artery
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Digested food enters the liver via the _______________ ____________.
Hepatic portal vein
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Where do the coronary arteries originate from?
Ascending aorta
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What does a patent foramen ovale do after birth?
Deoxygenated and oxygenated blood mix
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The intestines are supplied by which artery?
Superior mesenteric artery
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What does the jugular vein do?
External drains the face, head, and neck, internal drains the brain
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How do ACE inhibitors act to lower BP?
ACE inhibitors make angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2, which lowers BP
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What does increased capillary permeability lead to?
Edema
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What are vasa vasorum?
Tiny vessels that supply the blood vessels
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Know the Circle of Willis. Is the middle cerebral part of the circle?
Not part of the circle
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The popliteal artery is a continuation of the ____________ ________.
Femoral artery
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How do the basilic and Cephalic veins connect?
Median cubital vein
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The Azygoud vein drains into the _________ __________ _________.
Superior vena cava
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What signals the production of Renin from the kidneys?
Low blood pressure
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What does ADH do?
Increases water reabsorption, increases BP, secreted in response to thirst
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What does atrial natriuretic hormone do?
Lowers blood pressure
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What is anaphylactic shock? What’s it caused by?
Severe allergic reaction, lowers cardiac output
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Tunica Interna
forms the inner lining of a blood vessel
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Tunica Media
a muscular and connective tissue layer, relatively thick layer comprising mainly of smooth muscle cells and substantial amounts of elastic fibers
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Tunica Externa
The outer covering of a blood vessel composed mostly of elastic and collagen fibers. Also called the adventitia.
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How to calculate mean arterial pressure from B/P?
MAP = (Dia x 2) + Sys / 3
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Functions of the Lymphatic System
Drains excess interstitial fluid, Transports dietary lipids ADEK Vitamins, Carries out immune responses
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What duct drains the left side of the body?
Thoracic duct
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Where is MALT present? What about tonsils?
Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue found in Peyers Patches Appendix, Tonsils
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What structure does white pulp surround in the spleen?
Central artery
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Can the spleen supply the body with additional blood and act as a reservoir?
Yes, carries small amounts of blood
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What do thymic corpuscles do? Regulatory T Cells?
Thymic corpuscles may serve as sites of T cell death in the medulla, Regulatory T Cells or suppressor cells modulate the immune system, maintain tolerance to self-antigens, and prevent autoimmune disease.
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What does activated complement form that destroys bacterial cells?
Membrane Attack Complex
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What is chemotaxis?
White blood cells to the site of injury
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What are the first leukocytes to appear in infected tissue?
Neutrophils
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What leukocytes give rise to macrophages?
Monocytes
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What cells in the immune system attack cancer cells?
Natural Killer Cells
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What kind of lymphocyte can turn into a plasma cell?
B Cells
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In the thymus, what is negative selection?
Removing T cells that are reacting against themselves
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What part of the antibody molecule binds foreign antigens?
The variable region
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Know the immunoglobulins and know which ones cross the placenta
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE
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What cells lyse cells and produce cytokines?
Cytotoxic cells
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IgG
Most abudant about 80% of all antibodies and able to cross placenta, found in blood, lymph, and intestines
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IgA
Makes up 10-15% of all antibodies, found in sweat, tears saliva, and breast milk
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IgM
About 5-10% of all antibodies, found in lymph
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IgD
About 0.2% of all antibodies, found on surfaces of B Cellsq
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IgE
Less than 0.1% of all antibodies, found on mast cells and basophile
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