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Functions of the blood
Transport oxygen, body temperature, protection against disease and blood cot
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Is it normal to see erythroblast in circulation
no it is not in normal circulation
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Know hematocrit percentage of red blood cells in blood
- 91.5% water
- 7% plasma proteins
- 1.5% other solutes
- adult females is 38–46% (average = 42); for adult males, it is 40–54% (average = 47).
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What are globulins involved in?
immunoglobin immune response that offer immunity, fibrinogen is a plasma protein involved in blood clotting, albumin keeps fluids from leaking out of blood vessels
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What is hemopoiesis?
The production of red blood cells, blood basically
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Where do platelets come from?
Megakaryocytes
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What does EPO do?
Increases production of red blood cells in bone marrow, and increase in testosterone in males
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Know the WBCs and their functions
Neutrophil-Phagocytosis. Destruction of bacteria, Basophil-allergic response, Eosinophil-parasitic infection and inflammation, Lymphocytes-create antibodies, Monocytes-phagocytosis
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Which WBC are granular?
Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil
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Which WBC are agranular?
Lymphocytes, Monocytes
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What is emigration with respect to WBCs?
Go through the blood vessel wall
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What kind of anticoagulant do basophils produce?
Heparin
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What kind of cells do reticulocytes give rise to?
RBC’s
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What is a megakaryoblast?
Precursor of megakaryocyte that give rise to platelets
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Know that reduced Intrinsic Factor causes?
Pernicious anemia. IF is produced by parietal cell in the stomach
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What kind of anemia is produced when the entire marrow is irradiated?
Aplastic anemia
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What is another name for visceral pericardium?
Epicardium
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Where is the mediastinum located?
In the thoracic cavity in between the two pleural cavities
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What membrane surrounds and protects the heart?
Pericardium
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Which layer of the heart has heart muscle?
Myocardium
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What can pericarditis lead to if not treated?
Cardiac tamponade
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What is the function of the atrial auricles?
Blood reserve, increase the total filling capacity of the atrium
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What is the groove on the heart surface that divides the left and right ventricles?
Interventricular sulcus
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What are pectinate muscles? Where are they located?
Found in the right atrium and are muscular ridges
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What kind of tissue are the heart valves made up of?
Dense connective tissue
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What is the function of the coronary arteries?
Supply blood to the myocardium
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Cardiac myocytes are connected electrically via _______ _____________.
Intercalated disks
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Know the definition of cardiac output and how to calculate it from SV and HR
CO=SVxHR
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What happens during ventricular systole?
Ventricles contract force blood through pulmonary semilunar valves into the systemic and pulmonary circulation
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What happens during the cardiac cycle during the first and second heart sounds? What valves are opening or closing?
During the first heart sound the AV valves are closing and second is semilunar valves closing, Tricuspid and Mitral Valve (Bicuspid Valve)
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What’s the inherent rhythm of the SA node?
90-100 bpm
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Which part of the brain controls heart rate?
Medulla oblongata
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What are the relationships between preload, afterload and contractility and how do they change Stroke Volume?
Preload increase SV and contractility, Afterload increase and decrease SV, Contractility increase and SV increases
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What is the difference between maximum cardiac output and resting cardiac output?
Cardiac reserve how much reserve the heart has to perform action
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What’s the function of the foramen ovale? Where does blood get shunted to?
FO blood is going from RA to LA bypassing Ventricles and Lungs
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Know the coronary circulation. Where does the posterior interventricular artery get its blood supply? Right or left coronary artery?
Right coronary artery for posterior
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What is the natural pacemaker of the heart?
SA node
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Where is the AV node located?
Between the right atrium and ventricle
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