3 parts of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts and sacs
alveoli
Where do the bronchioles actually end?
respiratory bronchioles
terminal bronchioles are just the end of the conducting portion of the conducting system
cavities within bones and surrounding the nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
what are the 4 subtypes of the paranasal sinuses
frontal sinus
sphenoid sinus
ethmoid sinus
maxillary
how are the subtypes of the paranasal sinuses named?
named after the bones that surrounds sinus
paranasal sinuses (and the subtypes) are lined with what?
respiratory epithelium
True/False:bronchi have cartilage that is haphazardly arranged compared to above in the respiratory tract
TRUE
this is a feature where you can orient yourself
The epithelium transitions to a ____ ____ (respiratory epithelium) to a ____ ____ then down all the way to the alveoli is ___ ___ which is the BEST for the gas exchange
pseduostratified ciliated epithelium
stratified squamous
simple squamous
a generic name given to pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Respiratory epithelium
excluding special structures, most of the conducting portion of the respiratory system is lined by ____ ___
Respiratory epithelium
Near the respiratory portion, the epithelium gradually transitions to a _____ ____ epithelium
simple squamous
part of the respiratory epithelium that serve to entrap debris, duct, bacteria
goblet cells
protective mechanism of the respiratory epithelium to move debris along the surface
motile cilia
found in the connective tissue underneath the epithelium of the respiratory epithelium
underlying tubuloacinar seromucous glands
6 places where respiratory epithelium is found
nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
laryngeal surface of the epiglottis
False (superior) vocal cords
larynx
trachea down to the bronchioles
where are the 5 places that you find other types of epithelium
olfactory epithelium
epiglottis
vocal cords
bronchioles
alveoli
_____ stick out in nasal cavity and respond to smell signals
_____ goes up into the head and transmit smell signals
dendrites
axons
(I think lol)
located at the superior portion of the nasal cavity, pseudo stratified columnar epithelium and contains 3 cell types
olfactory epithelium
3 cell types of the olfactory epi
sustentacular
olfactory
basal
support cells of olfactory epi
sustentacular
sensory bipolar neurons surfaced by olfactory vesicles and non-motile cilia
olfactory cells
cells of the olfactory epi located near the basement membrane
basal cells
produce serous secretion which dissolved odor molecules for detection
The surface structures are more stiff in the olfactory epithelium
subepithelial olfactory (Bowman's) glands
One thing missing from olfactory epithelium that would be found in respiratory epithelium
NO GOBLET CELLS HERE!!!
don't want mucous secretions here
which part is respiratory epi and which part is olfactory epi
left side is the respiratory epi--can see goblet cells
right side is the olfactory epi
lingual surface and tip of the epiglottis is covered by
stratified squamous epithelium
May also find taste buds!!!
the laryngeal surface of the epiglottis is covered by
respiratory epithelium
the epiglottis has ____ cartilage (type 2 collagen) with _____
elastic
perichondrium
3 components of the vocal cords
false (superior) vocal cord
true (inferior) vocal cord
ventricle
skeletal muscle (vocalis muscle) and a ligament are found in which component of the vocal cords
true (inferior) vocal cord
the larynx is surrounded by
cartilage
predominately thyroid cartilage
what is the false (superior) vocal cord covered by?
respiratory epithelium
True (inferior) vocal cord is covered by
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
what is at the apex of the true (inferior) vocal cord
vocalis ligament
what is the muscle in the true (inferior) vocal cord
vocalis skeletal muscle
Given what you know about the epithelium that covers the true vocal cords, what type of carcinoma would you expect to see in the larynx?
squamous cell carcinoma
the trachea has four layers.. what are they?
mucosa
submucosa
cartilage
adventitia
layer in the trachea that
has respiratory epithelium
outer layer is elastic membrane
mucosal folds in area of trachealis muscle
mucosa
layer in the trachea that contains sub mucous glands
sub mucosa
layer of the trachea that contains c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
cartilage
outermost layer of the trachea
adventita
what maintains airway patency
C-shapes rings of hyaline cartilage trachea
contains smooth muscle (involuntary)
bridges the ends of the C-shaped cartilage
fibers merge into the perichondrium
Trachealis muscle
lined with respiratory epithelium and contains extrapulmonary and intrapulmonary
Bronchi
True/False: the extra pulmonary portion of the bronchi is similar to the trachea
TRUE
surrounded by a thin layer of smooth muscle and hyaline carriage plates
intrapulmonary region of the bronchi
as the airway passages get progressively smaller in the bronchioles, the epithelium transitions to ____ columnar, then ____ columnar/cuboidal finally to simple ____
simple
short
squamous
what is a defining factors of the bronchioles?
no more cartilage
a big clue to where you are
simple columnar ciliated epithelium
NO goblet cells
clara cells
layer of smooth muscle
no cartilage plates
terminal bronchioles
found in the epithelium of the terminal bronchioles and are non-ciliated secretory cells that secrete surfactant-like lipoprotein
Clara cells
what does the terminal bronchiole look like on the slide?
circle with a wavy lumen (starfish looking)
epithelium goes from short columnar to cuboidal as the airway gets smaller
may still be ciliated (starting to lose the cilia at this point)
clara cells are present
Respiratory bronchioles
what accompanies bronchioles?
blood vessels
airway space that is larger than, lining is a little thicker, a layer of smooth muscle present, cartilage plates present...what is it?
Bronchi
Smaller airway spaces, no cartilage, more elongated format, luminal aspect is more folded looking, looks like an independent cell....what is it?
terminal bronchiole
has a rounded lumen that opens into a duct, no starfish shape ...what is it?
Respiratory bronchiole
Directly connected to alveolar ducts
Lined by alveoli
respiratory bronchioles
clusters of alveoli are called
alveolar sacs
Arterial blood—from heart to lungs—is carrying oxygen ____ blood
Venous blood– is oxygen ____ blood that is going from the lung to the heart
poor
rich
true/false: there is a rich capillary network that encircles all of the airway spaces
TRUE
alveoli are lined by two types of cells what are they?
Pneumocyte type I
Pneumocyte type II
Pneumocyte type I consists of
simple squamous cells
Pneumocyte type II are interspersed amongst type I cells and produces
surfactant
In lining and within the alveoli are which immune cells (aka dust cells)
alveolar macrophages
if you see a large cell floating around in a lumen of alveolus it is most likely
macrophage (dust cells)
what does the slide look like with emphysema
alveoli look enlarged and widened—lose a lot of elasticity in the alveoli
looks also broken apart (no longer connected) in images
what does bronchitis look like on a slide?
a lot of lymphocytes and inflammatory cells here, blood vessels look like they have a lot of blood in there, they look dilated (inflammatory process), lining of the lumen doesn’t look normal and looks destruction, could see fibrosis and scar tissue
True/False: asthma patients have the same diameter lumen in the bronchioles as normal patients but it just constricts more during attack
FALSE
they already have a constricted lumen and it constricts even more during an attack
the outer aspect of the lungs is the ____/____:
and it consists of ____ ____epithelium (mesothelium) with a thin layer of connective tissue
pleura/serosa
simple squamous
The outside edge of the lung is the serosa, which is covered by pleural mesothelium becomes tumorous
which part is respiratory epi and which part is olfactory epi