cells, tissues, and organs that synthesize and secrete hormones
Endocrine system
True/False: the endocrine system has excretory ducts
FALSE
Where does the endocrine system release its contents?
Into the interstitial CT (blood and lymph--mostly blood)
True/False: endocrine cells may be mixed with non-endocrine cells
TRUE
Pancreas, kidneys, GI tract
What are the 6 endocrine organs?
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
pineal gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
adrenal gland
part of the brain important for endocrine function
links the nervous system to the endocrine system
Hypothalamus
What processes are the hypothalamus involved in? (4)
thermoregulation
satiety
sleep-wake cycles
reproduction
What is a characteristic feature of the hypothalamus?
feedback loops
The hypothalamus is _____ tissue, it is NOT a ____
Acts in both a chemical and electrical fashion
neural
gland
secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones and directs the activity of the anterior pituitary
Hypothalamus
produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
hypothalamus
True/False: the hypothalamus stores and secretes antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
FALSE FALSEEEEE
posterior pituitary does
master endocrine gland that produces and secretes many hormones
has a broad impact on other tissues
Pituitary gland
What is the pituitary gland controlled by?
the hypothalamus
another name for the pituitary gland
hypophysis
where is the pituitary gland attached?
Attached via neural stalk (infundibulum) which contains unmyelinated axons
what are the two distinct regions of the pituitary gland and their scientific names
anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)--glandular
posterier pituitary (neurohypophysis)--neural
epithelial derived and glandular
rich vascular network
responsible for production and secretion of numerous hormones that regulate other endocrine glands
anterior pituitary
Three subdivisions of the anterior pituitary
pars distallis
pars tuberalis
pars intermedia
subdivision of the anterior pituitary that consists of mosts of it and has prominent sinusoids
pars distallis
part of the sub division of the anterior pituitary between the anterior and posterior regions
contains colloid vesicles (remnants of Rathke's pouch)
produces melanocytes stimulating hormone
pars intermedia
what are the two types of cells of the pars distalis
chromophobes
chromophils
light-staining cells of the pars distills with homogenous cytoplasm--neither stain blue nor pink
smaller
no one really knows the function--probably degranulated cells
chromophobes
cells of the pars distills that include the acidophils (alpha cells) and basophils (beta cells)
chromophils
How do the following show up on a histogram and what hormones are produced there
Acidophil
Basophil
chromophobe
Acidophil--pink--GH, prolactin
Basophil--blue--ATCH. TSH, FSH, LH
Chromophobe--white--degranulated chemophil
what are the 6 hormones of the anterior pituitary
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH)
Gonadotropic hormones: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth Hormone (GH)
Melanocyte-stimulating hormones (pars intermedia)
neural derived
consists of pituicytes which are glial (support) cells
consists of 3 subdivisions
Posterior pituitary (neurohypohysis)
which of the subdivisions is the bulk of the posterior pituitary
Pars nervosa
What are the hormones of the posterior pituitary
NONE--no hormones produces here but only stored here
which two hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary
oxytocin
antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin)
where are oxytocin and ADH stored in the posterior pituitary
stored in terminal ends of unmyelinated neurons from the hypothalamus
accumulation of the secretory material in the nerve terminals called
herring bodies
where are herring bodies released
fenestrated capillaries
which side is the anterior pituitary and which side is the posterior pituitary
anterior is on the RIGHT
posterior is on the LEFT
what is caused by a lack of growth hormone that is being produced?
pituitary dwarfism
what is caused from disparate impact of under- and oversecretion of growth hormone during childhood growth and development
pituitary dwarfism (under) and gigantism (over)
gigantism can be caused by what? (2)
over secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland OR due to tumor in the pituitary gland called a functional tumor meaning the tumor is producing GH
what is another name for the pineal gland
eiphysis
what does the pinealocytes of the pineal gland secrete?
serotnin and melatonin
what is a characteristic part of the pineal gland
characteristic calcified material known as brain sand
what is depicted here?
The brain sand in the pineal gland (the really dark staining layers)
what gland is arranged into follicles?
the thyroid gland
the single layer of follicular cells in the thyroid consists of what type of cells
Flat, cuboidal or elongated depending on activity
the follicular cells secrete what and where?
thyroglobulin (inactive TH) into the follicular space
what is the thyrogloblin stored as?
stored as colloid—substance in the middle of the follical
pale-staining cells within or outside the follicle in the thyroid gland
parafollicular cells
what do parafollicular cells do?
produce and secrete calcitonin into capillaries (which reduces blood calcium levels)
what is caused by the secretion of too much thyroid hormone?
Graves disease
what is this depicting?
thyroglossal duct cyst
two pairs of small glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland
parathyroid glands
parathyroid glands secrete ____ in response to low blood ____ levels
parathyroid hormones
calcium
What two cells does the parathyroid gland contain?
principal (chief) cells
oxyphil cells (look pinkish)
cells in the parathyroid gland that produce PTH and are smaller but predominate
Principal (chief) cells
cells in the parathyroid gland where the function is unknown but they possibly could be old chief cells and are acidophilic
oxyphil cells
how does PTH increase blood calcium levels?
Breaking down bone
Increasing the amount of active Vitamin D which helps increase Ca absorption in the gut
what is this?
parathyroid gland
sit right on top of each kidney
Adrenal (suprarenal) gland
two regions of the kidney?
outer glandular cortex
inner neural medulla
part of the adrenal gland that is subdivided into 3 parts and each part secretes its own product
outer glandular cortex
part of the adrenal gland that is different origin and function than cortex
inner neural medulla
in the adrenal cortex
thin zone below the capsule that is arranged in ovoid clusters and secretes mineralocorticoids
zona glomerulosa (outermost)
what does the mineralcorticoids such as aldosterone do?
help regulate Na in the blood--which helps regulate blood pressure along with renin and ADH
in the adrenal cortex
thickest zone that is arranged in vertical columns of pale cells and secreted glucocorticoids
zona fasciculata (middle)
what do the glucocorticoids such as cortisol do?
regulate glucose
in the adrenal cortex
adjacent to medulla and arranged in anastomosing cords and secretes the sex hormones (example: testosterone)
zona reticularis (innermost)
Acute stress—handled by the ____ and secrete norepi and epi
adrenal medulla
Chronic stress—handled by the ___ ____
this is not good bc oversecretion of corticosteroid hormones
adrenal cortex
found in the center of the adrenal glands
neural origin [cells here are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons (aka chromaffin cells)]
Adrenal medulla
secretes catecholamines such as epi and norepi
adrenal medulla
how does the zona glomerulosa appear on a stain?
it looks rounded kinda
at the very top next to cortex and pale region in middle
how does the zona fasciculata appear on a stain?
it looks very pale (compared to the other layers) and larger with vertical striations
how does the zona reticularis appear on a stain
darker staining under the whiter staining and kinda all over the place
how does the adrenal medulla appear on a stain?
at the very bottom, pink staining and circular cells and globular looking
what is caused by too many corticosteriods being released?
cushing syndrome
can manifest as moon face
what occurs when someone doesn't produce enough corticosteriods
Addison's disease
Hyperpigmentation of the skin—can also be seen intraorally (light skinned person with darker pigment in the skin)
which side is the anterior pituitary and which side is the posterior pituitary