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A single sensory neuron is responsible for carrying sensations from how many modalities?
1
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Can a sensory hair cell in the cochlea carry visual impulses?
No
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What is proprioception?
Awareness of body position in space at any given time
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Which area of the cerebral cortex plans and organizes movement before we actually do the move?
Premotor cortex
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What does the descending pathway consist of?
Upper motor and lower motor neurons
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What does the trigeminal ganglion contain?
Cell bodies of sensory trigeminal nerve
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Does the spinothalamic tract carry sensory information to the brain?
Yes
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What would happen to a person with damage to the basal nuclei? Are hand tremors part of it?
Problems with speech posture and movement, mostly movement, yes
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What is the sensory homunculus?
Representation of each body part in the cerebral cortex
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What structure in the midbrain is damaged in Parkinson’s Disease?
Substantia nigra
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Know the second messenger involved with olfaction.
cAMP, is used to amplify the signal
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Know that the Lateral Olfactory area of the frontal lobe
Is involved in the perception of smell
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Taste cells have microvilli or cilia extending into taste pores?
Microvilli
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What cranial nerve carries taste fibers from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Facial nerve
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Know the tongue papillae and their description
Filiform-most abundant and lacks tastebuds, fungiform-lookslike mushroom, circumvallate -only 12 of them in back of the tongue only and associated with bitter taste? Foli-have tastebuds in childhood but go away
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Do the medial canthi contain sebaceous glands?
Yes
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Where is the lacrimal gland located?
Superolateral corner of the eye
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The pupillary sphincter is located in the
Iris
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Know what structure produces aqueous humor
Ciliary process
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Are the inner hair cells or outer hair cells responsible for hearing?
Inner hair cells
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Do the semi-circular canals detect static or kinetic equilibrium?
Kinetic equilibrium
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What structure does the stapes press on?
Oval window
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What membrane of the eye is involved in “pink eye?”
Conjunctiva
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The iris can be observed through what structure?
Cornea
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What structure in the eye regulates the amount of light that comes in?
Iris
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What is Presbycusis, and does it affect both ears or just one?
Both ears, age related hearing loss
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What is cataract? How is it treated?
Cloudiness of the lens, treated with surgery, replacing the lens
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Hot and cold stimuli are perceived by
Thermoreceptor which are free nerve endings
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What membrane do the hair cells of the cochlea rest on?
Basilar memebrane
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Know what the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles do
Protects ear from loud sounds
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What structures in the inner ear detect angular acceleration?
Semicircular canals or most clearly crista ampilaris of the semicircular canals
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Know the tunics and what structures they contain
Tunica fibrosa-sclera and the cornea, tunica vasculosa-choroid with ciliary body and the iris
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Five primary tastes can be distinguished
salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami
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What is a taste bud?
An oval body consisting of three kinds of epithelial cells: supporting cells, gustatory receptor cells, and basal cells
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Chemicals that stimulate gustatory receptor cells are known
Tastants
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Infection of the tarsal glands produces a tumor or cyst on the eyelid called
Chalazion
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These muscles are capable of moving the eye in almost any direction.
Superior rectus, inferior rectus, lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior oblique, and inferior oblique
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What does the cornea do?
Admits and refracts light
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What does the sclera do?
Provides shape and protects inner parts
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What does the choroid do?
Provides blood supply and absorbs scattered light
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What does the retina do?
Receives light and converts it into receptor potentials and nerve impulses
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What does the lens do?
Refracts light
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Anterior cavity
Contains aqueous humor that helps maintain shape of eyeball and supplies oxygen and nutrients to lens and cornea
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Vitreous chamber
Contains vitreous body that helps maintain shape of eyeball and keeps retina attached to choroid
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What does the tensor tympani muscle do?
It is supplied by the trigeminal nerve and limits movement and increases tension on the eardrum to prevent damage to the inner ear from loud noises
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What is hyperacusia?
Abnormally sensitive hearing, because of paralysis of stapedius muscle
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What does the auricle (pinna) do?
Collect sound waves
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What does the external auditory canal do?
Directs sound waves to eardrum
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What does the Tympanic membrane do?
Sound waves cause it to vibrate, which in turn causes malleus to vibrate
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What do auditory ossicles do?
Transmit and amplify vibrations from tympanic membrane to oval window
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What does the auditory tube do?
Equalizes air pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane
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What do utricle do?
Detects linear acceleration of deceleration that occurs in a horizontal direction and also head tilt
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What do saccule do?
Detects linear acceleration of deceleration that occurs in a vertical direction
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What is Glaucoma?
Most common cause of blindess afflicting 2% of people over 40 and caused by abnormally high intraocular pressure of fructose buildup
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What is Meniere's disease?
An increased amount of endolymph that enlarges the membranous labrynth
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Nearsightedness or myopia can be corrected with what type of lenses?
Concave lenses
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Farsightedness or hyperopia can be corrected with what type of lenses?
Convex lenses
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Innervation for anterior 2/3 of tongue
Facial VII
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Innervation for posterior 1/3 of tongue
IX
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Taste sensation at posterior portion of tongue
Bitter
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A normal shaped lens is
Convex
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Condition where eyeball is too long
Myopia
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Condition where eyeball is too short
Hyperopia
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Structure that prepares you for night time and produces melatonin
Pineal gland
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Is optic disc medial or lateral to fovea centralis?
Lateral
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