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The central nervous system develops from what germ layer?
Ectoderm
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What does the brainstem and diencephalon consist of?
- Medulla, pons, and midbrain for brainstem
- thalamus hypothalamus and epithalamas for diencephalon
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What’s the difference between the cranial dura mater and the spinal dura mater?
Cranial has two layers periosteal and meningeal and spinal has just one, dura mater
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Which ventricles are located in the cerebral hemispheres?
Lateral ventricles
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Know the passage of CSF through the ventricles and the brain
Lateral to 3rd ventricle to interventricular to cerebral aqueduct to 4th ventricle
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What are arachnoid villi?
Finger like extensions into the venous sinuses and absorb csf and return it to choroid plexus (choroid plexus make csf, arachnoid villi absorb csf)
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What are the colliculi involved in?
Visual tracking of object and turning the head towards visual and auditory stimulus
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What is the role of the thalamus?
Receives most sensory input entering brain
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The ability to form words is located in __________________ area
Broca’s area
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Damage to which nerve affects the digestive system?
Vagus nerve
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Know epidural, subdural, sub-arachnoid space
Above the dura epidural, beneath the dura subdural common site for subdural hematoma, beneath the arachnoid mater subarachnoid space csf flows
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Which nerve controls facial movement?
Facial nerve
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Which nerve is responsible for sensations from the face?
Trigeminal nerve muscles of mastication
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Know that damage to the vagus nerve can cause death
Because it innervates the heart
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Know the brain waves and when they appear
Alpha waves are awake eyes close, beta waves eyes open and involved in mental activity reading writing, theta waves appear in brain disease and in children, delta appear in sleep and those with brain damage
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What are the functions of the basal nuclei? Do they help control muscle movements?
Concerned with making movement smooth
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Damage to the _________________ can cause problems with memory
hippocampus which means sea horse
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A type of disabling senile dementia is called ____________________ __________________.
Alzheimer’s disease
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In a spinal tap, where is the needle inserted, in what space?
Subarachnoid space L3-L5
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If CSF can’t get out of the third ventricle, what passageway might be blocked?
Cerebral aqueduct
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Know the functions of the hypothalamus
Thirst, hunger, temperature regulation, and major control and integration center of the ANS
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Where does the trigeminal nerve arise from? Where is its nucleus located?
Pons, nucleus is located
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What region of the brain is associated with fear?
Amygdala
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Why do post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers have short axons?
Because the ganglion is located near on or the effector
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Know the 2 main neurotransmitters of the ANS
ACh and norepinephrine
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Are sensory neurons divided into somatic and autonomic?
No, the motor is divided into that
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How many synapses between a motor neuron and the skeletal muscle it innervates?
1
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Do preganglionic neuros secrete Norepinephrine?
No, they secrete ACh
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The lateral horn of thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae contains what cell bodies?
Preganglionic sympathetic neurons
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Where are the terminal ganglia located in the parasympathetic division?
Near the effector or on the effector
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What ganglia is associated with the oculomotor nerve?
Ciliary ganglia
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Know cholinergic and adrenergic neurons and what they secrete
Cholinergic secretes ACh, adrenergic secrete norepinephrine
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Know adrenergic and cholinergic as well as muscarinic receptors.
adrenergic receptors bind NE & E and have two classes alpha 1 and beta 1 cholinergic located in ganglia specifically on the post ganglionic neuron, muscarinic receptors are located on all of the effectors of the parasympathetic division
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Are all skeletal muscle receptors nicotinic?
Yes
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Can the ENS function independently of the CNS?
Yes
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What is from the CNS?
tracts
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What is from the PNS?
nerves
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What does the epithalamus do?
consist of pineal gland that secretes melatonin
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What is the superficial layer of the cerebellum?
cerebellar cortex
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The deepest grooves between folds are called?
fissures
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The shallower grooves between folds are called?
sulci
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Association tracts?
conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere
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Commissural tracts?
conduct nerve impulses from gyri of one cerebral hemisphere to another hemisphere
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Projection tracts?
conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS
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Somatic nervous system is what?
voluntary, one way and skeletal
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Autonomic nervous system is what?
involuntary, two way, cardiac
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Alpha 1
generally produce excitation
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Beta 1
cause inhibition of effector tissues
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What is an agonist?
is a substance that binds to and activates a receptor, in the process of mimicking
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What is an antagonist?
is a substance that binds to and blocks a receptor
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Where are the four ventricles located?
1 and 2 are inbetween the hemispheres which are called lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle is between right and left halves of thalamus, 4th ventricle is between brainstem and cerebellum
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Infundibilum
connects the pituitary to hypothalamus
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