Chapter 12/13 Test

• Brain
• Spinal Cord

• Cranial Nerves
• Spinal Nerves
• Enteric NS
• Sensory Receptors

Cerebellum

Cerebral Cortex

12

31

• Astrocytes
• Oligodendrocytes
• Microglia
• Ependymal

Restricts movement of substances through blood brain barrier

Myelination in the CNS

Brain macrophages, clean up debris

Make CSF

• Schwann
• Satelite

Myelinate as one axon in segments in internodes

Support and nourish the cells in the ganglia

• Not electrically excitable
• Make up half the volume of the NS
• Can multiply and Divide
• 6 kinds (4 CNS, 2 PNS)

• Sodium going in = hyperpolarizing (IPSP)
• Potassium going in = depolarizing (EPSP)

Where no myelin is present and makes AP jump from one node to the next

• Axon diameter
• Amount of myelination
• Temperature

Gap junctions allow cells to connect and transfer information to synchronize the activity of a group of cells

One way transfer of information from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic neuron

No

In the epidural space

Yes

The unconscious perception of movement and spatial orientation

Crossing over

Releasing all at once to generate an AP

Releasing each bulb to increase frequency which eventually add up to generate an AP

• AP=voltage gated, 100mv, refractory period
• GP=ligand gated, 1-50mv, no refractory

• Diffusion
• Enzymatic degradation
• Uptake into cell

• Chromatolysis
• Wallerian degeneration
• Formation of a regeneration tube

• Not possible
• Rapid formation of scar tissue
• Inhibitory influences from neruglia
• Absence of growth stimulating cures

The capability to change based on experience

• Pia Mater
• Arachnoid Mater
• Dura Mater

Roots from the spinal cord, near the end of the spinal cord, reaching down to sacrum

• Cranial Nerves-8
• Thoracic Nerves-12
• Lumbar Nerves-5
• Sacral Nerves-5
• Coccygeal Nerves-1
• Medulla oblongata
• Dermatomes

Certain segments of skin that are supplied by spinal nerves that carry somatic sensory nerve impulses to the brain

• Connective tissue
• Endoneurium
• Perineurium
• Epineurium

• Phrenic-Diaphragm
• Ansa Cervicalis-Divides into superior and inferior roots

C1-C4

C5-T1

L1-L4

L4-S4

Musculocutaneous-Coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis muscles.

Axillary-Deltoid and teres minor muscles; skin over deltoid and superior posterior aspect of arm.

Radial-Triceps brachii, anconeus, and extensor muscles of forearm; skin of posterior arm and forearm, lateral two-thirds of dorsum of hand, and fingers over proximal and middle phalanges.

Median-Flexors of forearm, except flexor carpi ulnaris; ulnar half of flexor digitorum profundus, and some muscles of hand (lateral palm); skin of lateral two-thirds of palm of hand and fingers.

Flexor carpi ulnaris, ulnar half of flexor digitorum profundus, and most muscles of hand; skin of medial side of hand, little finger, and medial half of ring finger.

• Posterior
• Lateral
• Medial

Femoral-Largest nerve arising from lumbar plexus; distributed to flexor muscles of hip joint and extensor muscles of knee joint, skin over anterior and medial aspect of thigh and medial side of leg and foot.

Obturator-Adductor muscles of hip joint; skin over medial aspect of thigh.

Sciatic-Actually two nerves—tibial and common fibular—bound together by common sheath of connective tissue; splits into its two divisions, usually at the knee. As sciatic nerve descends through thigh, it sends branches to hamstring muscles and adductor magnus.

Tibial-Gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus, popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus muscles. Branches of tibial nerve in foot are medial plantar nerve and lateral plantar nerve.

Common fibular-Divides into superficial fibular and deep fibular branch.

Medial Plantar-Abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, and flexor hallucis brevis muscles; skin over medial two-thirds of plantar surface of foot.

Lateral Plantar-Remaining muscles of foot not supplied by medial plantar nerve; skin over lateral third of plantar surface of foot

Superficial fibular-Fibularis longus and fibularis brevis muscles; skin over distal third of anterior aspect of leg and dorsum of foot.

Deep fibular-Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius, and extensor digitorum longus and extensor digitorum brevis muscles; skin on adjacent sides of great and second toes.

Pudendal-Muscles of perineum; skin of penis and scrotum in male and clitoris, labia majora, labia minora, and vagina in female.

Regulates? temperature, pain, taste, and tickle

Simultaneously cause contraction of one muscle and relaxation of its antagonists

Paralysis of one limb

Paralysis of both upper limbs or both lower limbs

Paralysis of both lower limbs

Paralysis of the upper limb, trunk, and lower limb on one side of the body

Paralysis of all four limbs

Or association neurons are located in the CNS and are multipolar in structure