-
materials equipment and devices shall not be reused unless they have been, _________, __________ and _________
reconditioned, tested, and placed into good working order
-
for conflicts within the Fire prevention and Building safety commission's rules see the _________ _________ ________.
general administrative rules
-
burred ends of all pipe and tubing shall be _______________ and all _________ shall be removed.
burred to the full size of the pipe diameter, chips
-
no cast iron soil pipe shall be
threaded
-
no piping shall be directly embedded in ________ or ________.
concrete or masonry
-
any piping able to be punctured that is run through framing members to within 1 inch of the exposed framing shall be __________.
protected by steel nail plates not less than 18 guage
-
__________ shall be provided to protect all piping through concreter or masonry exterior or bearing walls
sleeves
-
sleeves shall be sized so there is a minimum of ________ clearance around the pipe and or __________.
1/2", insulation
-
strainer plates on drain inlets shall be designed and installed so that no opening is greater than __________.
1/2"
-
hanger rod size used for 1/2" - 4" piping is _______
3/8"
-
hanger rod size used for 5" - 8" pipe is
________
1/2"
-
hanger rod size used for 10" - 12" pipe is _______
5/8"
-
horizontal cast iron hubless piping that exceeds ______ in length shall be supported on each side of the coupling within _______ of the joint
4', 18"
-
trenches shall be backfilled in thin layers to _______ above the top of the piping with clean earth
12"
-
threaded plastic pipe shall be __________ minimum wall thickness
sch 80
-
pipe joint material shall be applied only to _________.
male threads
-
solders and fluxes with a lead content which exceeds ________ are prohibited in potable water systems.
0.2%
-
joints from copper tubing to threaded pipe shall be made by the use of ____________.
brass adapter fittings
-
approved unions may be used in drainage work when accessibly located in the ________ or between a _______ and its trap.
trap seal, fixture
-
cast iron piping shall be supported every _______ vertically.
15'
-
copper piping 1 1/2" and smaller shall be supported every ________
6'
-
copper piping 2" and larger shall be supported every _________
10'
-
steel and brass pipe for DWV 3/4" and smaller shall be supported every ________.
10'
-
steel and brass pipe for DWV 1" and larger shall be supported every _________
12'
-
all steel and brass piping 1/2" not labeled for DWV shall be supported every __________ horizontally and vertically.
6'
-
all steel and brass piping 3/4" or 1" not labeled for DWV shall be supported every __________ horizontally and vertically.
8'
-
all steel and brass piping 1 1/4" and larger not labeled for DWV shall be supported every __________ horizontally and ________ vertically.
10', every floor
-
Schedule 40 PVC and ABS DWV shall be supported every _________
4'
-
copper piping shall be supported _____________ not to exceed _________ vertically.
every other floor, 25'
-
steel and brass piping used for DWV shall be supported every _________ not to exceed _________ vertically
every other floor, 25'
-
CPVC piping 1" and smaller shall be supported every _________
3'
-
CPVC piping1 1/4" and larger shall be supported every _________
4'
-
PEX piping 1" and smaller shall be supported every __________
3'
-
PEX piping 1 1/4" and larger shall be supported every __________
4'
-
all openings through floors over food handling areas shall be provided with sleeves protruding not less than ________ above the top of the finished floor with space between the sleeve and pipe or duct seal
3/4'
-
plumbing fixtures except bath tubs located above food handling areas shall be of the ___________ type.
wall mounted
-
required pressure tests of 10 PSI or less shall be performed with a gauge of _________ increments or less
1/10 lb
-
required pressure tests exceeding 10 pounds but less than 100 PSI shall be performed with gauges of ________ increments or less
1 PSI
-
required pressure tests exceeding 100 PSI shall be performed with gauges incremented for ________ or less of the required test pressure
2%
-
Test gauges shall have a pressure range not greater than _____ the test pressure applied.
twice
-
water closets shall have an average consumption of not more than _________ per flush
1.6 gal
-
urinals shall have an average consumption of not more than ________ per flush
1 gal
-
lavatory faucets shall be equipped with aerators and shall be designed and manufactured so that they will not exceed a water flow rate of _________ per minute
2.5 gal
-
metered faucets shall deliver not more than ______ of water per use.
0.5 gal
-
faucets for kitchen sinks shall be equipped with _________ and shall be designed and manufactured so that they will not exceed a water flow rate of _________ per minute.
aerators, 2.5 gal
-
shower heads shall be designed and manufactured so that they will not exceed a water supply flow rate of ___________ per minute
2.5 gal
-
fixtures having a concealed slip joint connection shall provided with an access panel or utility space at least _________ in its least dimension
12"
-
fixture tailpieces constructed of brass shall be a minimum thickness of __________
20 gauge
-
__________ and _________ type urinals shall be prohibited
floor-type and wall hung trough
-
no dishwasher drain shall be connected to a sink tailpiece , continuous waste or trap on the discharge side of a ________________.
food waste disposal system
-
approved _______ or other __________ branch fittings shall be installed in all continuous wastes connecting or receiving the discharge from food waste disposal units, dishwashers, clothes washers, or other force discharging fixtures or appliances
wye, directional type
-
restaurant kitchen and other special use sinks may be constructed of approved type bonderized and galvanized sheet steel not less than _________.
16 gauge
-
where a fixture comes in contact with the wall or floor the join must ___________.
made watertight
-
water closet bowls for public use shall be ___________.
of the elongated type
-
all water closet seats except those within a single dwelling unit shall be of the __________.
open front type
-
every water supply to a urinal shall be protected by an approved type __________ or other approved __________.
vacuum breaker, backflow prevention device
-
floor drains shall be installed in toilet rooms containing ________ or more water closets or a combination of _____________.
2, 1 water closed and 1 urinal
-
Commercial kitchens shall have a ___________.
floor drain
-
laundry rooms in commercial buildings and common laundry rooms in multi-family dwellings shall have a __________.
floor drain
-
showers and tub-shower combinations in all buildings shall be provided with individual control valves of the ____________ or ___________ type.
pressure balance, thermostatic mixing valve
-
gang showers when supplied with a single temperature controlled water supply pipe may be controlled by a ____________ in lieu of individually controlled pressure balance or thermostatic mixing valves.
master thermostatic mixing valve
-
handle position stops shall be provided o master thermostatic mixing valves and shall be adjusted per the manufacturer's instructions to deliver a maximum mixed water setting of __________. the _____________ shall not be considered a suitable control for meeting this provision.
120 degreed F. water heater thermostat
-
Potable water heaters have a nominal capacity of ________ gallons or less.
120
-
Potable water heaters have a max heat input of __________ BTU's or less
200,000
-
Potable water heaters operate at a water pressure of _________ PSI or less and a temperature of _________ degrees F or less
160, 250
-
Gas storage-type water heaters and hot water boilers shall have in addition to primary temperature controls a ____________. Such devices shall be a combination _________ and ___________ relief valve
over-temperature safety protection device, temperature, pressure
-
fuel fired water heaters shall not be located in or obtain combustion air from the following 5 places, unless they are direct-vent water heaters that obtain all combustion air directly from the outdoors
sleeping rooms, bathrooms, toilet rooms, storage closets, surgical rooms
-
water heaters having an ignition source shall be elevated not less than ________ in. above the floor in hazardous locations.
18
-
all water heaters installed in areas where they may be subjected to __________ shall be guarded behind barriers or elevated to avoid such occurrences
mechanical damage
-
a water heater supported on the ground shall rest on a level base extending not less than _________ in. above the adjoining ground level
3
-
potable water has a label with a _________ background and ________ lettering
green, white
-
non-potable water has a label with a __________ background and ________ lettering
yellow, black
-
a colored identification band shall be used every _________ feet and at least _______ per room
20, 1
-
no water supplied by ___________ shall be connected to any other source of supply
any private water supply
-
an atmospheric vacuum breaker (AVB) consists of what 3 parts
a body, a checking member, and an atmospheric opening
-
a double check valve backflow prevention assembly (DC) consists of what 3 parts
2 independently acting internally loaded check valves, four properly located test cocks, and 2 isolation valves
-
a pressure vacuum breaker backflow prevention assembly (PVB) consists of what 4 parts
a loaded air inlet valve, an internally, loaded check valve, 2 properly located test cocks and 2 isolation valves
-
a reduced pressure principal backflow prevention assembly (RP) consists of what 4 parts
2 independently acing internally loaded check valves, a differential pressure relief valve, 4 properly located test cocks and 2 isolation valves
-
The __________ shall have the backflow prevention device tested at the time of installation
owner of the structure
-
backflow prevention assemblies shall require _____ ft. of clearance between the lowest portion of the assembly and the floor.
1
-
all backflow prevention assemblies above _______ ft. off the finished floor shall require a permanent platform
5
-
direct connections between _________ and ________ shall not exist under any condition with or without backflow protection.
potable water, sewer connected wastes
-
where potable water is discharged to the drainage system it shall be by means of an approved ________ of _______ pipe diameters of the supply inlet but in no case shall the gap be less than _______.
air gap, 2, 1
-
backflow devices and assemblies shall be protected from _________
freezing
-
backflow preventers shall not be used in any area containing __________.
toxic, poisonous, or corrosive fumes
-
cast iron fittings used for water need not be galvanized if over _________
2"
-
copper tube for water piping shall have a weight of not less than type _____ unless it is being used above ground in or on a building in which case it may be type _______
L, M
-
letting of copper piping must be a minimum of _____ in height
1/4"
-
type K copper has _______ colored lettering
green
-
type L copper has _______ colored lettering
blue
-
type M copper has _______ colored lettering
red
-
DWV copper has _______ colored lettering
yellow
-
water pipe and fittings which have a lead content which exceeds _______ shall be prohibited
8%
-
a _______ shall be installed immediately ahead of each water supplied appliance and each slip joint or non-metallic fixture supply or appliance supply
control valve
-
_________ PVC screwed fittings for water piping are prohibited
female
-
in water piping slip joints shall be used only on the exposed __________
fixture supply
-
wherever water pressure is does not maintain a minimum of at least ______ PSI a tank and a pump shall be installed
15
-
if fixtures and fittings are installed that require more than _______ PSI that minimum residual pressure shall be applied
15
-
where local static water pressure is in excess of _____ PSI a __________ preceded by a _________ shall be installed and the pressure reduced to ________ or less
80, pressure regulator, strainer, 80
-
any water system provided with a check valve or a pressure regulating device which does not have a bypass feature at its source shall be provided with an approved __________ and ________
pressure relief valve, expansion tank
-
each pressure relief valve in the potable water system shall be set at a pressure not more than _________ and no __________ shall be installed between the relief valve and the system or the drain line
150, shut off valve
-
relief valves located inside a building shall be provided with a _________ no smaller than the relief valve outlet which shall extend outside the building and terminate no more than _______ or less than ________ above the ground
drain, 2', 6"
-
where a hot water storage tank or indirect water heater is located above the fixture outlets a ________ shall be installed on the storage tank or heater
vacuum relief valve
-
all water piping shall be _________ and burred ends shall be _________
supported, reamed to full size diameter
-
all water service yard piping shall be at least ______ below the average local frost depth with a minimum cover of at least ________ below finished grade
12", 12"
-
if water piping and sewage piping is being run in the same ditch the water piping must be at least _________ above and _________ clear distance horizontal from the sewer piping at all points
12", 12"
-
copper passing under a building foundation or through or under a concrete slab must be __________ and installed without ________ where possible.
wrapped or otherwise protected, joints
-
if joints are required where water piping passes under a slab or building foundation they shall be _______ and fittings shall be wrought copper
brazed
-
potable water systems shall be tested under a water pressure of not less than __________
working pressure
-
the water used to test a water supply system shall be __________
potable water
-
An air pressure of ________ PSI may be substituted for the water test on a potable water supply system
50
-
pressure tests on a water supply system must be found to be water and air tight for a period of at least _________
15 min
-
unions shall be installed in the water supply piping within ________ of regulating equipment, water heating, conditioning tanks and similar equipment
12"
-
all building water supply systems in which quick-acting valves are installed shall be provided with ___________
water hammer arrestors
-
no building supply shall be less than ______ in diameter
3/4"
-
discharge through all drinking water treatment units shall enter the drainage system through an __________
airgap
-
no __________ piping shall be used underground and shall be kept at least ______ in. above ground
galvanized, 6
-
no __________ shall be used above ground or where pressurized by a pump or ejector and shall be kept at least ______ in. below ground
vitrified, 12
-
copper tubing for underground drainage and vent piping shall be at least type ______
L
-
1 1/4" traps can handle ________ DFU's
1
-
1 1/2" traps can handle _________ DFU's
3
-
2" traps can handle ________ DFU's
4
-
3" traps can handle ________ DFU's
6
-
4" traps can handle ________ DFU's
8
-
continuous flow into a drainage system is calculated as _________ DFU's for each gallon per minute
2
-
Caulked joints shall be filled with oakum or hemp and filled with lead to a depth of at least ________ in.
1
-
_____________ joints are prohibited on building sewers
concrete mortar
-
expansion joints shall be __________ except where in vent piping or drainage stacks
accessible
-
cleanouts shall be installed at least every ______ ft in drainage piping
100
-
cleanouts may be omitted on a horizontal drain line less than _______ ft in length unless such line is serving sinks or urinals
5
-
an additional cleanout shall be provided in a drainage line for each aggregate horizontal change of direction exceeding __________
135 degrees
-
each cleanout shall be installed so that it opens ____________.
to allow cleaning in the direction of flow
-
cleanouts 2" or less shall have at least _________ in. of clearance in front of them
12
-
cleanouts larger than 2" shall have at least _________ in. of clearance in front of them
18
-
a fixture or trap may be removed to serve as a __________
cleanout
-
a floor drain does not require a ________
cleanout
-
horizontal drainage piping shall have a uniform slope of at least _______ or _______
1/8" per foot, 1%
-
when practical all plumbing fixtures shall drain to the public or private sewer by _________
gravity
-
all drainpipes located below the elevation of the next upstream manhole shall be protected from backflow by installing an approved type __________. all fixtures which discharge above such elevation shall not discharge through the ___________
backwater valve
-
a sewage ejector or sewage pump receiving the discharge of water closets or urinals shall have a minimum discharge capacity of _________ gal per minute
20
-
the piping of the plumbing, drainage and venting systems shall be tested by _________ or __________.
water, air
-
in testing the plumbing, drainage and venting systems with water no part of the system shall be subjected to less than __________ ft. head of water for at least _________ minutes before the inspection starts
10, 15
-
in testing the plumbing, drainage and venting systems with air the pressure in the system shall be brought to at least ________ PSI for at least __________ min
5, 15
-
every building in which plumbing fixtures are installed and having drainage piping therein shall have a connection to a __________ or _____________.
public, private sewage disposal system
-
no building sewer shall be smaller than the _________
building drain
-
a cleanout shall be located at the connection of the __________ and __________
building drain, building sewer
-
all indirect wastes shall discharge indirectly into the building drainage through an ________ or _________
airgap, airbreak
-
the minimum distance through the free atmosphere of an airgap is _______
1"
-
where the sink in a bar, soda fountain, or counter is so located that the trap serving the sink cannot be vented , the sink drain shall discharge thorough an ____________ or _________ and shall not exceed ________ in length
airgap, airbreak, 5'
-
indirect waste connections for drains, overflows or relief pipes from the water distribution system shall discharge into the drainage system by an ___________
airgap
-
no vent from indirect waste piping shall ____________ but shall extend separately to the outside air
combine with any sewer connected vent
-
indirect wastes pipes exceeding _________ but less than _________ in length shall be directly trapped but such traps need not be __________.
5, 15, vented
-
no standpipe receptor for any clothes washer shall extend more than _________ in. nor less than _________ in. above its trap
30, 18
-
no trap for any clothes washer shall be installed ___________ but shall be roughed in not less than _____ in. and not more than ________ in. above the floor
below the floor, 6, 18
-
no indirect waste piping that discharges _____________ shall be connected to any part of the drainage system
under pressure
-
drinking fountains may be installed with __________ drains
indirect
-
no ________ pipe shall be directly connected to any part of the drainage system nor shall any water having a temperature greater than _________
steam, 140
-
pipes carrying wastewater from swimming pools shall be installed as _____________
indirect wastes
-
air conditioning condensate waste pipes shall be _____________ of any drainage and waste system
independent
-
the seal of any trap shall not be subjected to a pneumatic pressure differential of more than ______ in. of water
1
-
every trap and trapped fixture shall be __________
vented
-
sheet lead for vent pipe flashing shall weigh not less than _____ lbs per sq ft
3
-
every sanitary drainage system receiving the discharge of a water closet shall have a main vent that is either a _____________ or a ___________, such a vent shall run ___________ in size and shall run as directly as possible from the building drain through to the open air.
vent stack, stack vent, undiminished
-
a vent stack shall be required for every drainage stack that is _________ branch intervals or more
5
-
every vent stack shall connect to the base of the drainage stack at or below the lowest __________
horizontal branch
-
where the vent stack connects to the building drain the connection shall be located within ________ pipe diameters downstream of the drainage stack
10
-
all vent pipes that extend through a roof shall be terminated at least ________ in. above the roof
6
-
an open vent terminal from a drainage system shall not be located within _______ ft. horizontally of any building opening or air intake unless it is at least ______ ft. above such opening
10, 2
-
vent terminals extending thorough the wall shall terminate a minimum of _________ ft. from the lot line and ______ ft. above average ground level.
10, 10
-
vent terminals shall not terminate under the overhang of a structure with __________ vents.
soffit
-
all vent and branch vent pipes shall be so graded and connected as to ___________ to the drainage pipe by gravity
drain back
-
every dry vent shall rise vertically to a minimum of __________ in. above the flood level rim of the highest trap or trapped fixture being vented.
6
-
the vent for a fixture drain shall connect above the _____ of the fixture trap being vented
weir
-
a vent shall not be installed within ______ pipe diameters of the trap weir
2
-
an individual vent is permitted to vent ________ traps or trap fixtures as a _________ vent.
2, common
-
where the fixture drains connect at different levels the vertical drain pipe connecting the 2 fixtures shall be considered a vent for the __________ fixture however the upper fixture of may not be a _____________
lower, water closet
-
any combination of fixtures within _______ bathroom groups located on the same level are permitted to be vented by a __________ vent. only the fixtures within the bathroom groups shall connect to the __________ vented horizontal branch drain. any additional fixtures shall discharge _________ of the wet vent.
2, wet, wet, downstream
-
all waste stack shall be vertical and ________ shall be prohibited
offsets
-
every fixture drain shall connect __________ to a waste stack
separately
-
waste stacks shall not receive the discharge of ___________ or ___________
water closets, urinals
-
a _________ shall be provided for every waste stack the size of the ___________ shall be equal to the size of the waste stack offsets shall be permitted in the _________ as long as they are at least ________ in. above the highest flood level rim being served
stack vent, 6
-
waste stacks shall run __________ in size
undiminished
-
a maximum of _________ fixture connected to a horizontal branch drain shall be permitted to be ____________ vented
8, circuit
-
each fixture drain connected to a circuit vent shall connect _____________
horizontally
-
in a circuit vent the horizontal branch drain shall be classified as a vent from the most __________ fixture drain connection to the most ___________ fixture drain connection
downstream, upstream
-
the vent connection to a circuit vent shall be located between the _____ most __________ fixture drains, the circuit vent pipe shall not receive the discharge of any _________ or ________
2, upstream, soil, waste
-
a relief vent shall be provided for circuit vented branches receiving the discharge of ________ or more water closets that also receive the discharge of soil or waste from ___________ horizontal branches
4, upper
-
the relief vent for a circuit vented horizontal branch shall connect between the ______ and the most _________ fixture drain of the circuit vent. the relief vent is permitted to be a fixture drain or fixture branch for fixtures located within the same branch and receive a maximum discharge of __________ fixture units.
stack, downstream, 4
-
non-circuit vented fixtures that discharge to a circuit vented horizontal branch must be __________ or ____________ vented
individually, common
-
a combination drain and vent system shall not serve fixtures other than ___________, ____________, ____________, and __________
floor drains, standpipes, sinks and lavatories
-
the horizontal combination drain and vent pipe shall have a maximum slope of ___________ in 12 units horizontal, or _______ %
1/2, 4
-
combination drain and vent pipes shall connect to a horizontal drain that is ___________ or a _________ must connect to the combination drain and vent pipe
vented, vent
-
island fixture venting shall not be permitted for fixtures other than _________ and __________
sinks and lavatories
-
_________ shall be provided in all island fixture vents to permit ________ of all vent piping located below the flood level rim of the fixtures
cleanouts, rodding
-
soil and waste stacks in buildings having more than __________ branch intervals shall be provided with a _________ vent at each tenth interval installed beginning at the top floor. the size of the _________ vent shall be equal to the size of the vent stack to which it connects
10, relief, relief
-
horizontal offsets of drainage stacks shall be vented where ______ or more branch intervals are located above the offset
5
-
no vent shall be less than _________ the diameter of the drain it is serving nor less than ___________ in diameter in any situation
1/2, 1 1/4
-
vents exceeding _________ ft. in developed length shall be increased by ________ nominal pipe size for the entire developed length of the vent pipe
40, 1
-
the developed length of individual, branch, circuit, and relief vents shall be measured from the _________ point of the vent connection to the drainage system to the point of connection to the vent stack, stack vent, or termination outside of the building
farthest
-
air admittance valves shall comply to ____________
ASSE 1051
-
air admittance valves shall be installed _________ the DWV testing has been performed
after
-
individual, branch and circuit vents shall be permitted to terminate with a connection to a _______________
air admittance valve
-
air admittance valves shall only serve fixtures that are on the _____________ and connect to a horizontal branch drain.
same floor level
-
air admittance valves shall be located a minimum of _________ in. above the horizontal branch drain or fixture being served and at least _________ in. above any insulating material
4, 6
-
_________ shall be provided to all air admittance valves and all valves shall be installed within a __________ space
access, ventilated
-
1 trap may serve a set of not more than 3 single compartment sinks or laundry tubs of the same depth or 3 lavatories immediately adjacent to each other and in the same room if the waste outlets are not more than ______ in. apart and the trap is __________ located
30, centrally
-
a trap serving a laundry tub may also receive the waste from a clotheswasher set adjacent thereto however no clotheswasher or laundry tub shall be connected to any trap for a ____________
kitchen sink
-
in no case shall the tailpiece from any fixture exceed ________ in. in length
24
-
each plumbing fixture trap shall be protected against ________ and _________
siphonage, back-pressure
-
an exposed and readily accessible drawn brass tubing trap not less than _________ gauge may be used on fixtures discharging domestic sewage but shall exclude __________
17, urinals
-
no more than __________ approved slip joint fittings may be used on the outlet side of a trap
2
-
no fixture shall be _________ trapped
double
-
each fixture trap shall have a water seal of not less than _______ in. and not more than _________ in.
2, 4
-
where necessary traps shall be protected from _________
freezing
-
when subject to a reverse flow of sewage or liquid waste such drains shall be equipped with a ______________
backwater valve
-
ABS and PVC DWV piping installations shall be limited to structures not exceeding ____ floors above grade for storm drainage
3
-
__________ drains shall be provided around the perimeter of buildings having basements, cellars, or crawl spaces or floors below grade
subsoil
-
subsoil drains shall not be less than _______ in. in diameter and shall be laid in appropriate bedding with a minimum of ______ in. surrounding the pipe on all sides
3, 4
-
_________ shall be provided for all exterior subsoil drains
filter media
-
a sump pit shall be at least ______ in. in diameter and _______ in. in depth and provided with a fitted cover
15, 18
-
the capacity of a sump pit pump shall not be less than _____ gpm. the discharge piping from the sump shall be a minimum of _________ and have a _________ to make the pump accessible for servicing
15, 1 1/2, union
-
roof areas of a building shall be drained by ________ or _________
roof drains, gutters
-
roof drains shall be sized based on a storm of _______ minutes duration and __________ year return period
60, 100
-
overflow drains shall be sized the _________ as the roof drains with the inlet flow line ______ in. above the low point of the roof and shall be installed _____________ of the roof drains
same, 2, independent
-
leaders and conductors connected to a building storm sewer shall have a ___________ installed at the base of the outside leader or outside conductor before it connects to the horizontal drain
cleanout
-
leaders and conductors when connected to a combined sewer shall be _________
trapped
-
floor and area drains connected to a storm drain shall be __________
trapped
-
where a combined sewer is used the building storm drain shall be connected at least ________ ft. downstream from any soil stack
10
-
strainers shall extend not less than ________ in. above the surface of the roof immediately adjacent to the drain
4
-
new building storm drainage system parts and parts of existing systems that have been altered, extended or repaired shall be _________
tested
-
in water testing a storm system no part of the system shall be tested with less than ______ ft. head of water and the test must be kept in the system for at least ________ min. before the inspection starts
10, 15
-
when air testing a storm system _________ PSI of air shall be maintained for a minimum of ________ min.
5, 15
-
DWV storm systems shall not be tested by ________
air
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