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What structure in the embryo gives rise to the ductus deferens?
mesonephric duct
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Know what gubernaculum testis does.
brings the testis down into scrotum
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The bulbospongiosus muscle is innervated by what kind of nerves?
somatic efferent neuron
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How is the penis attached to the pubic arch? The crura of what tissue?
corpora cavernosa
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How is the hypothalamus involved in the onset of puberty?
release of GnRH
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What does inhibin do secreted by the sustentacular cells)
stops FSH
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Spermatozoa arise from type A or B spermatogonia?
B spermatogonia
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What happens in anaphase II?
sister chromatids seperate from each other
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What develops into the male reproductive tract?
mesonephric duct
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What sugar provides energy for sperm motility?
fructose
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What is the name for the network of veins in the spermatic cord that keeps blood temp. low?
pampinoform plexus
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What is the name for the fibrous capsule around the testes and corpora cavernosa?
tunica albaginea (white coat)
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What do the seminal vesicles produce? What percentage of semen?
semen, 60%
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How is the blood testis barrier formed?
sustentacular cells
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What’s the earliest haploid stage of spermatogenesis?
secondary spermatocyte
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How is erection occurred? Dilation of which arteries?
deep arteries
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What is the form and function of the spermatids’ acrosome?
allow sperm to penetrate egg, enzyme
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What is compatible to the penis in the female?
clitoris
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What stage are secondary oocytes in?
1st haploid stage
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Progesterone is responsible for which phase of the menstrual cycle?
secretory phase
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What does falling progesterone levels do to the endometrium?
ischemia
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When is colostrum secreted?
end of pregnancy
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Why don’t most nursing women get pregnant?
prolactin inhibiting GnRH
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What does smooth muscle cells does oxytocin target?
myometrium and myoepithelial cells
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Does ovulation occur during the luteal phase of the sexual cycle?
no, proliferative phase
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What is a follicle?
fluid filled space housing the egg
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What is menarche?
first menstrual period
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What is corpus luteum?
ovulated follicle
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What is the first layer of cells around a secondary oocyte?
corona radiata
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What is the difference between a primary and secondary follicle?
secondary follicle has vesicles of fluid
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Menopause occurs during _____________.
climacteric
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Know the definition of conceptus.
the embryo or fetus and placenta as well the membranes associated with it
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What is infundibulum, isthmus, fimbrae?
infundibulum is trumpet shaped tube with feathory projections called fimbrae, the isthmus is a tube nearer to the uterus
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Know what lochia is and when it’s produced
vaginal secretion for 6 six weeks after childbirth
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Know the difference between the morula and blastocyst stages.
morula enter the uterus, while blastocyst implant on uterus
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Where do chorionic villi come from?
syncytiotrophoblast
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What is an example of aneuploidy in the female?
turner syndrome
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Where does fetal urine go?
amnion
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How does photoaging affect senescence? Through primarily which system?
integumentary system
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What is the function of the decidual cells during gestation? What do they nourish?
nutrition for trophoblast
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What is an example of teratogens? Not bacteria, but _______________.
viruses
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Know the definition of aneuploidy and nondisjunction.
aneuploidy is presence of abnormal number of choromosomes, nondisjunction is failure for sister chromatids to seperate
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What are chorionic villi?
extension of chorion fetal placenta
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Where do the enzymes for fertilization lie in the sperm? What organelle?
acrosome
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Know the physical and mental characteristics of Down’s Syndrome or Trisomy 21.
mental retardation, stubby fingers, flat face with epicantal folds, short stature, and enlarged tongue
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What does the foramen ovale become after birth?
fossa ovalis
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What is the definition of embryo? What three layers must have formed by this stage?
when primary germ layers form
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Is ployspermy a common occurrence in fertilization?
no
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What happens at the end of meiosis in females?
1 haploid oocyte and 2 polar bodies
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What does cleavage refer to right after fertilization?
first mitotic division in the first 3 days after fertilization
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What is the multinucleated mass that develops roots in the endometrium after conception?
syncytiotrophoblast
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What hormone does the above mass produce?
HcG
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What is the effect of HCG on the ovaries? What hormones are they stimulated to produce?
estrogen and progesterone
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What is the fetal component of the placenta?
chorionic villi
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Know about fast block and slow block.
fast block-sodium channels, slow block-calcium channels
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What kind of oocyte is released at ovulation?
secondary
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What is the name of the fertilized egg?
zygote
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Know about ectopic pregnancies and where they may occur.
fallopian tubes (tubal pregnancy-uterine tube)
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Know the embryonic membranes such as chorion, yolk sac, allantois, and amnion.
chorion is outermost membrane formed by villi, yolk sac hangs from ventral side of embryo, allantois is foundation of umbilical cord, and amnion is sac filled with fluid
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Know what ectoderm and mesoderm give rise to.
ectoderm-NS and epidermis, mesoderm-muscle and skeleton
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Are the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale, bypasses
yes
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How does the neonate get immunoglobulins?
IgG from placent, IgA from breastmilk
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What are teratogens?
chemicals that cause birth defects
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Know Downs, Kleinfelters, and Turner Syndrome
down-trisomy 21, kline-xxy, turner-xo, triplo-xxx
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How do primary male sex characteristics develop? Due to what hormone?
testosterone
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How does the female sex characteristics develop?
absence of testosterone
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What is cryptorchidism?
undescended testis
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What forms the blood testis barrier?
tight junction between sustentacular cells
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How do the testicles get elevated closer to the body?
cremaster
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What are the roles of LH and FSH in the testis?
LH increase testosterone prod., FSH increase androgen
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What’s the process that converts spermatids into mature spermatozoa?
spermiogenesis
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What artery does the corpus cavernosus get blood from?
deep artery
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What stratum in the endometrium is shed as menstrual flow every month?
stratum functionalis
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What are the equivalents of the penis and scrotum in the female?
clitoris and labia majora
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What does myometrium mean?
muscular layer of the uterus
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Know the definitions of pubarche, menarche, thelarche.
pubarche-growth of pubic hair, thelarche-development of breast
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Know that risk factors (smoking, etc.) contribute to breast cancer.
alcohol, obesity, smoking
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What does FSH do in the ovary? Are estrogen levels high or low when FSH is produced?
follicle are stimulated to grow, low
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LH causes ________ and is released with high levels of which hormone?
ovulation, estrogen
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What do estrogen and progesterone do to the endometrium
estrogen-thickening of endometrium, progesterone- increase glandular development
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What happens when the spiral arteries of the uterus constrict? Due to the decline of which hormone?
ischemia, progesterone
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