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How do fats enter lacteals? In what form?
through mycel and become chylomicron
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What increases surface area in the small intestine?
microvilli, villi, circular folds (plicae circularis)
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What is an emulsifier? Give an example?
prepares fats for digestion, bile salts, bile acid, lecithin
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Know the enzymes
pepsin acts in stomach, lingual lipase acts in stomach, trypsin protein in SI, salivary amylase act in mouth
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Is enterokinase an enzyme that digests nutrients?
no, its only function it to activate trypsinogen to trypsin
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Where does lingual lipase act? What activates it?
acts in stomach, activates by HCI
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What’s the difference between mesentery and mesocolon?
Mesocolon is just mesentery of the colon
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Lysozyme
an enzyme that kills bacteria
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Immunoglobin A
an antibacterial antibody
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What is the enterogastric reflex? What phase is it involved in? What does enteromean?
slows gastric motility and secretion
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Know the cells that secrete digestive enzymes. Give one example (in stomach).
chief cells secrete gastric lipase and pepsinogen
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Is there a similarity between gastric pits and intestinal crypts?
yes, both give into lamina propia
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What kind of disease is periodontitis? Is gingivitis in the same class?
periodental is around teeth, yes
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What’s one function of HCl in the stomach?
activate pepsinogen (pepsin)
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What kind of epithelium does the esophagus have?
stratified squamous non keratinized
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What enzymes are present in saliva? Does digestion of protein start in the mouth?
amylase, no
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What does absorption mean?
assimulating nutrients
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What does defecation mean?
to poop
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What’s the role of the sphincter of Oddi?
control amount of bile and pancreatic juice into duodenum
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Which enzyme activates trypsin? Then what does trypsin do?
enterokinase activates trypsin, trypsin activates chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase
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Name three disaccharides that are digested by the small intestine.
lactose, maltose, sucrose
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What does CCK stand for? What does it do?
cholecystokinin, cause contraction of gallbladder
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What does LES stand for? What’s another name for it?
lower esophageal sphincter, cardiac sphincter
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What is Intrinsic Factor? Why is it needed and where is it produced?
produced by parietal cells in stomach, needed to absorb all vitamin B
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Where are villi present? Why are they called the unit of absorption?
SI, because they have capillaries and lacteals
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How are nutrients absorbed in the small intestine? Where does fat go? How aboutvitamins and minerals and amino acids
fat soluble vitamins go to lacteal, everything else goes to capillaries
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What does the uvula do? How about the epiglottis?
keeps food in mouth, so food doesnt go to nasal cavity, epiglottis protects airway when swallowing
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Know the anatomical features of the colon. Where are plicae circularis located?
colon doesnt have plicae circularis, only SI
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Most people cant digest lactose
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Know the SGLT, and what it co-transports with the Na.
sodium glucose transport proteins, it transports glucose
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Where does most of the absorption of water occur?
small intestine, mostly ileum
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What is one feature of the small intestine epithelium that makes it increase its surface area on each cell?
microvilli
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What is peristalsis? How about segmentation waves
migrating motor waves from esophagus, segmentation waves go back and forth does not move
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Infant cell drinking and why is that important?
pinocytosis to absorb antibodies fromthe mother that’s so the antibodies are not broken down and used whole.
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What bacteria normally live in the intestines?
e coli
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Know which vitamins are water and fat soluble
ADEK fat soluble/ B,C water soluble
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What’s the substance in the body that’s stronger than bone? Is it living tissue?
enamel, not living
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Where does bile get its pigment from?
bilirubin
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What happens to blood when the stomach is secreting acid?
alkaline tide
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