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What are the advantages of laparotomy over endoscopy? (4)
- can take full thickness intestinal biopsies
- organ biopsy/ excision (spleen, liver, pancreas, kidney, prostate)
- ability to address/ obtain hemostasis
- option for therapeutic intervention if indicated (direct visualization, FB removal, etc)
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What are the disadvantages of laparotomy? (6)
- increased morbidity
- pain
- cost
- dehiscence
- infection risk
- anesthetic risk
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What are diagnostic indications for laparotomy? (5)
- GI diseases: PLE, IBD, lymphoma
- Hepatopathy: MVD (microvascular dysplasia), copper storage
- Suspected neoplasia/ mass
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What are radiographic indications for laparotomy? (5)
- dilated small intestines
- foreign body
- herniation
- mass effect
- GDV
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What are emergency situations that require laparotomy? (3)
- presence of free gas in abdominal cavity
- septic abdominal effusion
- uncontrolled hemorrhage
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What parameters of abdominocentesis indicate laparotomy? (4)
- blood- active bleeding or clots
- uroabdomen- fluid Cre> serum +/- fluid K+> serum
- intracellular bacteria
- bile pigment
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What are prognostic indications for laparotomy? (3)
- confirm a disease
- stage a disease process or neoplasia
- provide detailed information for future therapy
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How do you clip for a laparotomy?
- xyphoid to pubis
- lateral to flank folds
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How do you make a laparotomy incision in a male dog?
make a parapreputial skin incision, divide the preputial muscles, ligate the caudal superficial epigastric muscles, move penis aside and find the linea alba
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What are techniques for liver biopsy? (4)
- guillotine (with suture)
- punch
- partial lobectomy
- Gelfoam
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What are techniques for kidney biopsy? (2)
- true-cut needle
- wedge (mattress suture closure)
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What are techniques for intestinal biopsy?
isolate loop of bowl--> stay sutures-->block with fingers--> #11 blade or punch
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How do you close the intestine after biopsy?
4-0 PDS simple interrupted or simple continuous
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