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Radiography (plain x-rays) - Indications - 3
- Lung or heart disease
- Foreign objects
- Dysfunction &/or disease of bones
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PA - x-ray view
- Pt prone
- X-ray shot of front
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Anterioposterior – x-ray view
- Pt supine
- X-ray shot of back
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Radiography (plain x-rays) - to interpret MSK, what acronym?
- A - Alignment
- B - Bone density
- C - Cartilage spaces - presence of subchondral bone; epiphyseal plates; jt space width
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The more dense the structure (bone), the ____ the structure will appear on x-ray
Whiter
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Open-mouth x-ray - Indication - 1
- What is looked at? - 4
- Upper C-spine - specifically Odontoid fx
- Anatomy of C1-C2 vertebrae
- Dens (Odontoid process)
- Lateral masses of C1 vertebra
- Malalignment or fracture of vertebra
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Open-mouth x-ray - What should you see if there is an impairment? - 2
- Fx of dens & its translation caudally
- Lateral masses of C1 are NOT aligned
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Vertebral compression fx
- What does this look like?
- Who is this condition most present in?
- Collapsed vertebrae (d/t trauma or weakened vertebrae)
- Most present in pts w/osteoporosis or osteogenesis imperfecta
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Spondylolisthesis - best x-ray view to assess for this condition?
- Lateral view - in order to see the anterior slippage of superior vertebrae
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Spondylolysis - best x-ray view to assess for this condition?
- Oblique - SCOTTY DOG - in order to see the fx in pars interarticularis
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ACL tear - Normal vs. Tear
Normal Tear
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PCL tear - Normal vs. Tear
- Normal Tear
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - Indications - 4
- Soft tissues
- Primary method of examination of tumors
- Demyelination
- Vascular abnormalities
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MRI - T1
- Shows what?
- Shows up how on MRI?
- Used to assess what?
- Fat within tissues
- Fat appears white
- Assesses bony anatomy
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MRI - T2
- Shows what?
- Shows up how on MRI?
- Used to assess what?
- Tissues w/high water content
- Appears brighter
- Assesses soft tissue structures
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CT or CAT scan - MSK Indications - 4
- Complex fx
- Facet dysfunction
- Disc disease
- Stenosis
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CT or CAT scan - Neuro Indications - 3
- Areas of acute bleeding
- Cerebral edema
- Cerebral infarction (3-5 days after stroke)
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MRI vs CT scan - What is general mechanism of how they work?
- MRI - sectional imaging using radio waves & magnetic fields; doesn't rely on ionizing radiation
- CT scan - sectional imaging using x-rays; relies on ionizing radiation
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MRI vs CT scan - What are 2 major differences
- Ionizing radiation - MRI doesn't use it; CT scan does
- Tumors - MRI hard to distinguish bet edema & tumors; CT scan identifies tumors easily
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MRI vs CT scan - What conditions/body tissues are best to use w/MRI? (2 Why’s)
- Soft tissue structures - ligament & tendon
- SCI - nns & spinal cord
- Brain tumors
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MRI vs CT scan - What conditions/body tissues are best to use w/CT scan? - 3
- Chest & Abdomen
- Bone injuries
- Cancer
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MRI vs. CT scan vs. Radiographs - Abdomen & Chest
- Soft tissues - mms, tendons, ligaments
- Trauma - bone fx, blood, organ injury
- CT
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MRI vs. CT scan vs. Radiographs - Brain
- CT - when speed is important - trauma/stroke
- MRI - when images need to be very detailed - cancer, causes of dementia or neurological diseases (MS)
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MRI vs. CT scan vs. Radiographs - Spine
Spinal cord & nns - MRI
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MRI vs. CT scan vs. Radiographs - Soft tissues - mms, ligaments, tendons
MRI
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MRI vs. CT scan vs. Radiographs - Trauma - bone fx, blood, organ injury
CT
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Ionizing radiation - possible w/what tests? None w/what tests?
- Radiation - X-ray; Bone scan; CT or CAT scan
- NONE - MRI
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What is orthography used for?
Abnormalities within joints such as tendon ruptures
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What is Myelography traditionally used for? - 2
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Lumbar puncture - does what?
- At what level?
- Measures intracranial P & spinal fluid dynamics
- Below L1-L2
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Complications of lumbar puncture - 4
- Severe HA w/CFS leakage
- Infection
- Epidural hematoma
- Uncal herniation
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