COM Exam 1 FlashCards Rough Final.txt

No universally accepted definition; human communication is the process of creating meaning through symbolic interaction

Talk about the past, explain the present, and guess/predict the future

Communicating with oneself; the way we process info mentally; affects how we interact with others

Two people interacting is a dyad; most common type personal comm; not all 2 person interactions considered interpersonal

Every member can participate w/other members; can put conformity pressures on minority (does not exist in dyad); can be comforting and lead to bigger risks; more creative; influenced by leader

When group is too large for all members to contribute; unequal amount of speaking; limited verbal feedback; few speak, others=audience

Has messages that are sent to widespread audiences; no personal contact between senders + receivers; developed/financed by large corps; controlled/filtered by many (gatekeepers)

Not everyone needs same amount, but is essential for well being; cancer strikes more isolated people; isolation = 2-3x more likely to have early death, etc.

Way we learn who we are; decide who we are based on how others react to us

For pleasure, inclusion, affection, escape, relaxation, control, etc.

Important for work, home, hobbies, haircuts, going to doctors, etc.

Like an injection: sender encodes feelings/ideas in message for receiver who decodes them. (can send and receive messages simultaneously in a single minute)

Discernible response of a receiver to a senders message (not always non verbal). Silence is a form of communication.

Way we respond in present is determined by past interactions

Depends on the involvement of a partner

Means of imparting/exchanging info; means of connection between people and places

It is a process (an action); human; shared; and symbolic

Something you do/engage in;

Refers to the medium (text message= piece of comm; reading it =communicating)

Sender + receiver; idea/concept; medium/channel; encoding/decoding process; feedback; fields of experience; context/environment; noise

Physical sounds you hear that interrupt comm

Easier; more reliable findings; provides boundaries; more professionally practical

Humans are symbol users, misuser, creators (slang, etc); inventors of the negative (we add good/bad connotations); goaded by sense of hierarchy (want to understand our place in the worldmoved by sense of order); separated from natural condition by instruments of our own making (umbrellas to protect against rain, etc); rotten with perfection (take perfect and try to improve it so much that it isnt good anymore)

Collection of symbols governed by rules and used to convey messages; common symbol system; always contextual (like all comm); choice drive activity;

Arbitrary constructions that represent a communicators thoughts; meanings are in people, not words; successful com occurs when negotiate word meanings (1/2 speaker, ? recipients)

Govern how words sound when pronounced

Govern structure of language (the way symbols are arranged)

Deal w/meaning of specific words

Govern how people use language in everyday life/how words are understood and used

Shape the way others think of us (ex. Indian name for a god Karan appears as a girls name here)

Use of impressive sounding language etc. to sound more informed

Accent, choice words, speech rate, age of speaker (all can be guessed by language)

Usually easy to avoid such language (choice of words indicates this)

Special terms between people

Speaking to blend in with a group, region, etc.

Speaking in a way that separates from others

Hedges, hesitations, intensifiers, polite forms, tag questions, and disclaimers

More than one correct dictionary definition

Gain meaning by comparing

Language used by a group of people who belong to similar coculture

Terms understood by people who live in one geographic area

Specialized vocabulary that functions as a kind of shorthand

those behaviors other than words themselves that form a socially shared coding system; not just body language; omnipresent; can be used to communicate across language barriers; tend to believe nonverbal over verbal (think it more unconscious)

all forms of body movement excluding physical contact with another

Body movements that carry meaning in and of themselves (can stand alone w/o verbal)

Do not carry meaning w/o verbal (help receivers interpret/understand what is being said)

Body movement employed to help guide a conversation (head nod to continue, etc)

Rarely intended to communicate anything but are needed to satisfy physical/psychological needs; 3 categories (self adaptors, alter directed adaptors, and object adaptors)

Body movement that express emotion w/o use of touch

General category of non verbal behavior; refers to all aspects of touch (categorized by function)

The way we use space

Physically fixed areas that one or more individuals defend as their own (band corner, etc)

Proxemic based need that moves with the individual (i.e. space bubble)

Common way to violate or restore personal space

All aspects of how we look; 3 general body types (ectomorphs, mesomorphic, and endomorphic)

Thin bone structure and lean

Strong bone structure and muscular and athletic

Large bone structure and typically heave set/somewhat rounded

Reflect all aspects of the voice

We converge our speech w/whom we want to be associated with

Our use and perception of time (how long events are acceptable, etc. 2 hour movie v. 2 hour lecture)

Doing multiple activities at once

Focus on one activity at a time

Physical objects/environment that guides behavior or defines communication context (fixed feature and semi-fixed features)

Cant really miscommunicate with yourself (accidental waves, facial expressions, etc); etymological root of word (communicare=to share, communis=duties together)

Always, ALWAYS symbolic; symbols are any representative of a though/idea/concept etc; words by very nature are symbolic

Flexible/malleable (change); arbitrary (make words to fit things); useful; powerful (move people to act, change)

Signals: do not require immediate stimulus, response vary more widely, symbols more abstract; (signs and signals often interpreted symbolistically by humans, but NOT by animals)

Say something about you (education, geographic background, experience, etc)

Shapes and reflects attitudes; creates and alters reality; is necessary from a practical perspective

By Kenneth Burke; screen= viewing platform, something to filter/impede/cover; term=phrase, condition (of contract), end point, period time, etc.; words we choose reflect and shape our attitudes (get to go to class v. have to go); create and alter reality (virtual space and time; alters understanding of the world around us).

Structuring and regulating interaction; creating and managing identities; communicating emotions; defining and managing relationships; influencing others; deceiving others.

• Foot as measurement v. meter
• 364.4 smoots +/- one ear

Does have physical component (earth rotating around once. i.e. a day); we create daylight savings, leap year, etc.

Helps meet physical, social, identity, and practical needs more effectively. Because humans create, use, and misuse it, LANGUAGE IS NECESSARILY FLAWED. It reflects but not always accurately.

Public zone is 12 ft; social zone is 4-12ft; personal zone is 1.5-4ft; intimate zone is 0-1.5ft. Varies with culture (e.t. hall is mostly western society). Establishes parameters of relationships, context and culture based, and fixed vs. semi-fixed space.

Giving animals human characteristics (usually/mostly non-verbal)

More emotionally charged; includes interpretive value; often based on personal experience; includes socially charged meaning

dictionary def; most objective; most widely shared meaning

Arbitrary and flexible nature makes it hard to have just one meaning; complex cognitive structure of humans (blend of rational and emotional); ability to create symbols; heavy reliance on symbols (cant think w/o it).

Teaching; individual experiences; naming new experiences (usually based on combo of old names and experiences); mass communication

Vocalics (emphasis); fields of experience; context (appropriation, bricolage, and counter-bricolage); form of the message (discursive + presentational)

Expectations can be exploited; meanings can be transferred; new meanings for old ideas, etc.

Taking a symbol and using it in a new, possibly unexpected way (ideas/concepts, etc). Includes parodies (weird al song parodies, etc).

• 1) codes and conventions that structure the image and cannot be separated from content
• 2) views and how they interpret/experience the image
• 3) the context in which the image is view/exhibited

Relational and social (whether or not viewing in public, private, or if the image is personal).

Interrupt procedure to question someone or something formally; catching our attention; must know that the image is meant for me to understand; can be interpellated w/o feeling like you are the one being hailed

can refer to individuals, groups, coporate conglomerate, etc.

Meaning also created by when, where, what consumes them

Set of beliefs that lead us to have certain expectations about a work with regard to the status of its producer.

All include aesthetics + taste; much of value of art is established through previous ownership; collecting and exhibiting art has influence on meaning

Usually thought they were culturally determined but is actually generally based on the individual and what they find attractive

Culturally determined

Set of dispositions and preferences we share as related to class position, education, and social standing

Purpose of mapping the movement of art and cultural artifacts

Taking an object and altering its meaning by changing the way its used. Creating new meaning by assembling seemingly divergent symbols. OF OBJECTS.

Commercializing new meaning of bricolaged object by making it popular.

Turn buckets into drums; making show called stomp that does it

Linear, chronological, orderly, words, mathematical equations, sheets of music, newsprint, stories, etc. ORDER MATTERS. Rules based (rules indicate proper reading). Rational, reason based. Easier for building arguments; allows for varying levels precision; emotional appeals take more time/effort but are very possible.

Complete, multifaceted, presented as a whole (paintings, photographs, etc). More readily elicits emotions; not as obviously rules based + less overtly rational; prone to more varied interpretations; precision invites multiple readings; arguments more challenging to make clear but can be done.

Front page newspaper, advertisements, etc. Music=discursive. Most memorable + effective communication; simultaneous rational and emotional appeals (emotion encourages initial action while reason encourages long term + repeated action).

Context, audience, purpose, expectations, constraints (can come from any of other elementsword limit, time limits, etc).

Clear, Concise, Concrete, Colorful (or creative), culturally sensitive, and correct.

Say what you actually mean; dont assume the audience will get your meaning; avoid using big words just for the sake of it; euphemisms only useful if you want to be vague.

Never use 10 words when 3 will do; Occams Razor/Parsimony Principle (entities should not be multiplied unnecessarily); always use the # of words necessary; healthy (varied) vocabulary.

Transportation, automobile, car, sports car, classic sports car, 1956 corvette, candy apple red 1956 convertible corvette

Adjectives and adverbs; make sure they add to meaning; make clear and interesting; sometimes clever use of words it appropriate, sometimes it is not;

More literacy with printing press (although China had first, but Gutenburg is credited with it)

S for face-to-face comm; P feared would destroy memory

Changed prioriteies of com; characteristics include division of labor, primacy for creativity and originality, linearity, discreteness, and fixity.

Info fixed by being in multiple copies

Text experienced by itself, in isolation, separated from others (if you need to find footnote, have to go physically get the other book)

The author and audience have totally different tasks (written, published, distributed, and maybe bought/borrowed, and read).

Does not include collaboration, community, or dialogue (impossible in a medium that requires physical marks).

Unless reference book, usually meant to be read front to back, one page at a time, in sequence. Web space=non linear.

Be brief, precise, active (avoid passive), imaginative, direct, consistent (use parallel structure, etc.), aware, and concise.

Determine your purpose (brainstorm, cluseter, free write); Map it out (topic, points, primary/addtl audiences, goal, sources, method to gather info); Outline and Storyboard it (organize how it will be presented, roman numerals, visual outline, reverse outlining); Revise and revise (focus on 1st and last paragraphs, your two favorite sentences, adjectives, adverbs, clichs, ambiguity, vagueness, and generalities).

Avoid sensitive, racist, homophobic language. Think about Burkes terministic screen. Know your audience and yourself.

Follow rules of grammar; can only break the rules once you show you know them; failure to follow rules can lead to miscommunication; emphasis does not require exclamation points; think about semicolons; watch for comma splices

Use words correctly; connotative and denotative meaning change meaning; common uses are not always correct (i.e. very unique> unique just is. It is or is not. No varying degrees. Media is plural, medium is singular).

Misused apostrophes; noun/verb disagreement; plural/singular inconsistency; passive voice; sexist language

Is approach appropriate (what best types of forms for situation, how will presentational elements influence overall meaning?); Presentational elements (have denotative and connotative meanings, influence feel of message, provide an experience and pseudo-experience for receiver, alter our understanding of reality examples color, angle, cropping, audio, visual edits, etc.).

Blend of presentational and discursive. Give sense time and/or movement of story; set tone or mood; imply actions w/o graphic or overt description

The dominant social classes that own or control the newspaper, television, film, and comm industries are able to control the content of those forms. Marx though of ideology as a kind of falsconsiouness that was spread by dominiant powers among the masses, who are coerced by those in power to mindlessly buy into the belief systems that allow capitalsism to thrive.

Without ideology we would have no means of thinking about or experiencing the thing we call reality.

Hegemony= power negotiated among all classes of people (enacted through push and pull of among all levels of society). Relationships are constantly changing (so dominant ideas must constantly be reaffirmed because there is possibility of countering ideas).

Dominant-hegemonic reading, negotiated reading, and oppositional reading.

Identify with the hegemonic position and receive dominant message of an image without question

Negotiate an interpretation from the image and its dominant meanings

Either by completely disagreeing with the ideological position embodied in an image or rejecting it altogether (i.e. by ignoring it).

Inhabiting a text like a rented apartment; negotiating meanings through it and creating new cultural products in response to it, making it their own

Appropriation by mainstream marketers and producers (often loses the political meaning behind it).

(i.e. snow for Inuits and other cultures)

Authors have conceded control of their work to the readers. It is the readers who create meaning out of and interpret the messages.

Wide range of behaviors, ability to choose the most appropriate behavior, skill at performing behaviors, empathy/perspective taking, cognitive complexity