examines human behavior by placing it within its broader social context
Sociologist C. Wright Mills believed that each society has specific characteristics - such as its ideas about the proper roles of men and women. (T of F)
True
To find out why people do what they do, sociologists look at ________.
social location
Sociology emerged about the middle of the________,
1800s, when social observers began to use scientific methods to test their theories
Who originated the grandiose view that sociologists would reform the entire society, making it a better place to live?
Auguste Comte
Auguste Comte launched an early version of sociological study due to his interest in...
social order and the elements that hold societies together
What process was applied to questions about social life, leading to the birth of sociology?
the scientific method
What is "social Darwinism"?
a view of the development and growth of societies that is based on "the survival of the fittest"
According to Emile Durkheim's research, the primary reason for varying rates of suicide in European nations was social class. (T of F)
False
What is true regarding religion the theories of Max Weber?
He saw religion as the central force for social change.
In 1837, ________ published ________, based on observations and interviews regarding gender, slavery, prison life, and the courts.
Harriet Martineau
Early female sociologists often wrote extensively, worked with the poor, and fought social inequality. These women were considered to be ________ by their contemporaries.
social workers
Jane Addams and her associates joined W. E. B. Du Bois in his work to combat racial injustice by founding ________, which addressed these issues.
the NAACP
What is one primary difference between basic sociology and applied sociology?
Applied sociology uses sociology to solve problems.
________ believe that human beings attach meaning to certain things to define themselves and their relationships to other human beings.
Symbolic interactionists
Robert Merton used the term "function" to describe the beneficial consequences of people's actions, whether intended or unintended. (T of F)
True
Which sociological perspective sees society as composed of various groups that compete for scarce resources?
conflict theory
What is one major difference between microsociology and macrosociology?
Microsociology focuses on small-scale patterns of human interaction, while macrosociology focuses on large-scale patterns.
Which theoretical perspective is usually associated with micro-level analysis, or the examination of human relationships?
symbolic interactionism
A research method in which you ask individuals a series of questions is a(n) ________.
survey
"What do you like about school?" is an example of a(n) ________.
open-ended question
In a random sample, everyone in your population has the same chance of being included in the study. (T of F)
True
All sociologists agree that it is unethical for researchers to misrepresent themselves.(T of F)
False
________ refers to the idea that a sociologist's beliefs about what is good or desirable in life and the way the world ought to be should not affect social research.
Value free
The term "________" refers to the interconnections among nations due to advances in technology, communication, trade, and travel.
globalization
One broad concept behind the study of sociology is to ________.
help people see their own world in a different light
Sociologists generally agree that our ideas and desires are ________.
highly influenced by our social groups
Growing up as a female or a male has little influence on how you feel about yourself or how you relate to others. (T or F)
False
Researchers in the natural sciences, as well as social sciences use the scientific method to objectively and systematically test their theories. (T or F)
True
Who was the first to propose the idea of applying the scientific method to study the social world?
Auguste Comte
As the staunch voice of capitalism, the Wall Street Journal once named Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud as among the three greatest modern thinkers, along with Albert Einstein. (T or F)
True
Who is well known for the passionate view that the ongoing exploitation of workers by capitalists is the underlying foundation for all human societies, and that revolution against the ruling class is the only solution?
Karl Marx
In the early days of developing sociological studies, ________ were often categorized as social reformers rather than sociologists.
women
W.E.B. Du Bois became the first African American to ________.
earn a doctorate at Harvard
Since its early days, North American sociology has struggled with two apparently contradictory aims - analyzing society versus reforming society. (T or F)
True
Who believed our freedom was threatened by the coalescing interests of a group called the power elite?
C. Wright Mills
We attach meaning to ________, and they act as the key to understanding how we view the world and communicate with one another.
symbols
By 1945, people began to see marriage as ________.
an arrangement based on attraction and feelings of intimacy that could be broken when feelings changed
Emile Durkheim viewed society as a kind of living organism
just as a person or animal has organs that functions together, so does society. (T or F)
If government officials become concerned about our low rate of childbirth and offer a $10,000 bonus for every child born to a married couple, this would be an example of a ________.
manifest function
As in any science, various approaches and perspectives exist. In sociology, the views of several broad perspectives may offer opposing interpretations, but once combined they paint a more comprehensive picture of social life. (T or F)
True
________ stress that society is composed of groups that are competing with one another for scarce resources.
Conflict theorists
Some sociologists point out that ________ allowed females to meet their survival needs and take part in a socialized world outside their homes.
industrialization
Your hypothesis will need variables, which are precise ways to measure outcomes. (T or F)
False
__________ means that if other researchers use your operational definitions, their findings will be consistent with yours.
Reliability
Individuals intended to represent the population to be studied are often referred to as a ________.
sample
While ethics clearly forbids the falsification of results, they do not condemn plagiarism - that is, using someone else's work without their permission. (T or F)
False
All sociologists take the position that their goal should be to advance the understanding of life- to gather data on any topic that interests them and to use the most appropriate theory to interpret their findings. (T or F)
False
Seeing how other cultures' societies affect their behavior and orientations to life ________.
helps us to understand how our society influences what we do and how we feel about life
Today, the worldwide center for the discipline of sociology is ________.
located in the United States due to its dominance in the field
Who stressed that the scientific methodshould be used in sociology, but never actuallly applied it?
Aguste Comte
Who founded positivism?
Aguste Comte
Who coined the term "sociology"?
Aguste Comte
Did Aguste Comte ever hold scientific studies?
No
Who is considered the 2nd founder of sociology?
Herbert Spencer
What did Herbert Spencer think the main goal of sociology should be?
Should be used to find out more about human behavior, NOT be used for social reform.
Which sociologist strongly believed in social darwinism?
Herbert Spencer
What was Herbert's Spencer's generally view on how socities evoloved?
That survival of the fittest did take place. Socities evolve from "berbaric" to "civilized" and only the intelligent survive. It should remain this way unless "do-gooders" misguide people and get in the way by helping those who are less fit survive.
Which sociologist felt that they could change society by revolution?
Karl Marx
The "class conflict" engine of human history was started by
Karl Marx.
Karl marx claimed that society was made up of two classes. The _______ and the _______.
Burgeoisie and proletariat
Karl marx believed that the ______________ would bring a new society that is "class-less" and free of explotation, where people work to their abilities and recieve goods and services according to needs.
"Worker's Revolution"
Karl Marx believed in communism. (T or F)
False
Who's goal was it to get sociology as it's own discipline?
Emile Durkheim
What was Emile Durkheim given in 1887?
Academic appointment (sociology) at the University of Bordeaux.
What was the important research that Emile Durkheim did?
Proving that underlying social factors feul the suicide rate.
What did Emile Durkheim identify as the key factor in determind suicide risk?
Social intergration
What was the principle behind Emile Durkheim's suicide research?
Human behavior cannot be understood on the terms of the individual alone, we must always examine the social forces that affect the individual as well.
What did Max Weber believe was the central force in social change was?
religion
Whose sociological concept birthed capitalism?
Max Weber
How did Weber's concept embody the spirit of capitalism?
Stating that protestants would be ready to invest capital in order to make more money to be considered favorable in gods eyes.
Who was Marion Talbot?
An associate editor of the American Journal of Sociology
who was Grace Abbott?
First chief of the U.S child's Bureau
Who was Frances Perkins?
First woman to hold cabinent position = secretary of labor
Who was Jane Addams?
Nobel peace prize winner (sociologist)
Who published "Society in America"?
Harriet Martineau
What was Farriet Martineau most famous for?
Translation Comte's ideas into English
Who embraced revolutionary marxism?
W.E.B Dubois
Who was a major sociologist of the 1940's?
Talcott Parsons
Was Talcott Parsons for Social reform or social theory?
Social theory
Was C. Wright Mills all for social theory or social reform?
Social reform
Why did C. Wright Mills was social reform?
Claimed that sociologists missed the point that our freedom was threatened.
When did C. Wright Mills' ideas become popular?
in the 60's and 70's after his death by social activists.
Who created the term power Elite?
C. Wright Mills.
What are the two contradictory aims to the study of sociology?
Analysis of society vs. Social reform
Who were the three peopple that created stmbolic interactionism?
Charles horton Cooley, William I. Thomas and George Herbert Mead.
What was the major symbolic interactionism study based on?
Changes and roles in marriages over the years
Who were the three sociologists that viewed society as a living organism?
Aguste Comte, Herbert Spencer and Emile Durkheim
Robert Merton dismissed the arganic analogy used by Comte, Spence and Durkheim, but did maintained the essence of what?
functionalism
According to functionalists, what keeps a groups balanced?
Functions
What are dysfunctions?
Consequences that harm a society and undermine the system's equilibrium
Manifest functions
Action INTENDED to help some part of a system.
Latent Functions
action UNINTENDED, has consequences that HELP asystem adjust
Latent dysfunctions
action UNITENDED, HURTS the system
What perspective stresses that industrialization and urbanization undermined traditionalf functions of the family?
Functionalist
When family loses function it becomes more...
fragile
Who is the founder of the conflict theory?
Karl Marx
The key to human history is ...
Class conflict
Who stated that conflict was more likely to develop among people who are in close relationsips?
Lewis Coser
What gave women more alternatives as opposed to being exploited?
Industrialization
From conflict perspective, high divorce rates does not mean that marriage has weakened, but that women are makingheadway with their historical struggle with....
men
WHat are the three major theories presented in chapter 1?
Symbolic interactionism, functionalism and conflict theory
Why are marriages failing according to symbolic interactionists?
Because industrializationa and urbanization changed marital roles and led to a redefinition of love, marriage, children and divorce,
Why are marriages failing according to functional analysists?
A social change erodes the traditional functions of the family, family ties weaken and the divorce rate increases.
Why are marriages failing according to conflict theorists?
When men control economic life, the divorce rate is low
Who said that if the theory is not connected to research it will just be abstract and empty?
C. Wright Mills
List the steps of the research model in chronological order.
1.select a topic
2.define the problem
3.review the literature
4.formulate a hypothesis
5.Choose a research method
6.collect the data
7.analyze the data
8.share the results
What are the 7 types of research methods?
surveys
Participant observation
Case studies
Secondary analysis
Documents
Experiments
Unobtrusive measures
What is causation?
A change in one variable is caused by another variable.
What are the three conditions that are necessary for causation?
When there is a cause that may be some underlying third variable
What was the significance of Laud humphrey?
Raises questions on whether deliberate misrepresentation is ethical to obtain research data. (undercover in bath houses, different cover for home visits data to obtain extended data)
There are no _______ norms
Universal
There is nothing inherently ________ about material culture
Natural
Humans usually take their ________ for granted
Culture
We can usually be aware of another ______ but less aware about ours.
Culture
Who said " the last thing a fish would ever notice would be water" ?
Ralph Linton
Except in unusual circumstances, more characteristics of our culture remain....
Imperceptible to us.
What is the "culture within us"?
The learned and shared way of believing and doing.
What becomes the lens through which we perceive and evaluate our surroundings?
Culture
People usually don't realize their own culture until...
They are abruptly put into another culture.
Who developed the concept of ethonocentrism?
William Sumner
Who said "one own's group is the center of everything and all others are scaled and rated w/ reference to it"
William Sumner
What is the positive of ethnocentrism?
Creates in-group loyalties
What is the negative of ethnocentrism?
Can lead to discriminations against people whose ways are different.
Culture provides implicit instructions that tell us...
What we ought to do and what we ought to think
Although culture differs, it itself is...
Universal
Culture provides moral ______.
Imperative (culture we internalize and think is right)
Culture provides a fundamental basis for our ___________.
Decision making
Who published the book "Sick Societies"?
Robert Edgerton
Robert edgerton suggested that we develop a scale for evaluating cultures on their .....
Quality of life
According to Robert edgerton, cultural values that result in exploitation are ______ to those that enhance people's lives.
If you don't learn the gestures of a country you cannot....
Get along
There is a disagreement that gestures are universal because....
Emotions are universal.
Each word in a language is actually a _______.
Symbol
Although humans have language, there is nothing ________ about the meanings to particular sounds
Universal
Language allows cultures to .....
Exist
What are the five effects of language?
Allows human experience to accumulate
Social or shared past
Social of shared future
Shared perspectives
Shared, goal-driven behavior
What is the sociological significance of language?
It takes us beyond the world of primates and allows culture to develop.
Language frees us from the _______, actually giving us a social past & future.
Present
_________ is the basis of culture.
Language
Language allows us to establish underlying _______ for our activities.
Purposes
Who are the two anthropologists' that studied the Hopi Indians in 1930's?
Edward Sapir & Benjamin Whorf
What did Sapir and whorf thought they noticed about the Hopi Indians.
Had no words to distinguish past, present & future.
What did Sapir and whorf conclude regarding their study on the Hopi Indians?
Language has embedded within it was of looking at the world.
Who explained folkways and mores by using the public decency example?
Ian Robertson
One group's folkway can be another person's _____.
Mores
The folkways and mores of a subculture may be the opposite of ________.
Mainstream culture
A man topless is a ....
Folkway
A man with no pants is a .....
Mores
What happens when someone breaks a taboo?
The individual is usually judged unfit to live in the same society as others.
What are the sanctions for committing a taboo?
Prision, banishment or death.
Countercultures do not have to be _________.
Negative
What are the 10 u.s core values according to robin Williams?
Achievement and success
Individualism
Hard work
Efficiency & praticality
Science & technology
Material comfort
Freedom
Democracy
Equality
Group superiority
What are the 3 updated values?
Education
Religiosity
Romantic love
When can someone see a major force for social change in a society?
A point of value contradiction
What are the five emerging values in the u.s?
Leisure
Self-fulfillment
Physical fitness
Youthfulness
Concern for the environment
Values do not just happen, there are related to....
The condirions of a society
What are culture wars?
Refers to the clash in values b/t traditionalists and those advocating change.
Value gives a view that produce what life _______, not what it is.
Ought to be
Who found that activities and customs are present in all cultures, but the specific customs differ from one group to another.
George Murdock
Although there is universal human activities, there is no universally accepted .....
Way of doing then
What sets the framework for a group's nonmaterial culture?
Technology
What does technology change?
The way people think and relate to one another.
Who coined the term cultural lag?
William ogburn
What did William ogburn point out?
That a group's material culture usually changes first, w/ the nonmaterial culture lagging behind.
The way of looking at the world that allows people to understand unfamiliar societies and see their own society in a different light is known as ________.
the sociological perspective
What term is used for a group of people who share a culture and a territory?
a society
C. Wright Mills suggested that external influences, not internal instincts, explain our thoughts, motivations, and behaviors. (T or F)
True
When did sociology emerge as a science?
The mid 1800's
How did the evolution of sociology occur to its status as a legitimate area of study?
Sociology largely emerged due to upheaval, revolution, and empire building
Auguste Comte casually observed human behavior rather than performing scientific research. As a result, ________.
his ideas are well taken, but his conclusions have been abandoned as unscientific
Herbert Spencer coined the term ________ to describe his theory that the strongest among us will develop and advance our societies.
